Fundamental Concepts of Physics

Definition: Physics is the natural science that studies matter, its motion, and behavior through space and time, along with the related entities of energy and force.

Classical Mechanics
- Studies the motion of bodies under the influence of forces.
- Key laws: Newton's Laws of Motion.
Thermodynamics
- Examines heat, work, temperature, and energy transfer.
- Laws of thermodynamics:
  - Zeroth Law: Thermal equilibrium.
  - First Law: Conservation of energy.
  - Second Law: Entropy and the direction of heat transfer.
  - Third Law: Absolute zero and entropy.
Electromagnetism
- Focuses on electric and magnetic fields and their interactions with matter.
- Key concepts: Coulomb's Law, Faraday's Law, Maxwell's Equations.
Optics
- Studies the behavior and properties of light.
- Key concepts: Reflection, refraction, lenses, and optical instruments.
Quantum Mechanics
- Investigates the behavior of matter and energy on very small scales (atomic and subatomic levels).
- Key principles: Wave-particle duality, uncertainty principle, quantization.
Relativity
- Special Relativity: Deals with the physics of objects moving at constant speeds, especially at speeds close to the speed of light.
- General Relativity: Describes gravity as a curvature of space-time.

Gravitational Force
- Attraction between masses.
- Governs large-scale structures (planets, stars).
Electromagnetic Force
- Interacts with charged particles.
- Responsible for electricity, magnetism, and light.
Weak Nuclear Force
- Responsible for radioactive decay and neutrino interactions.
Strong Nuclear Force
- Holds protons and neutrons together in atomic nuclei.

Energy
- Forms: Kinetic, potential, thermal, chemical, nuclear.
- Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
Momentum
- Defined as the product of mass and velocity.
- Law of Conservation of Momentum: In an isolated system, the total momentum remains constant.
Waves
- Characteristics: Wavelength, frequency, amplitude, speed.
- Types: Mechanical (sound) and electromagnetic (light).

SI Units:
- Length: meter (m)
- Mass: kilogram (kg)
- Time: second (s)
- Force: newton (N)
- Energy: joule (J)
- Power: watt (W)

Engineering: Design and construction of structures, machines, and electronics.
Medicine: Imaging techniques (e.g., X-rays, MRI) and radiation therapy.
Environmental Science: Understanding climate change and renewable energy sources.

Physics examines matter, motion, energy, force, and their behaviors across space and time.

Classical Mechanics: Analyzes motion under forces; governed by Newton's Laws of Motion.
Thermodynamics: Studies heat and energy transfer; includes four laws.
- Zeroth Law: Defines thermal equilibrium.
- First Law: Energy conservation principle.
- Second Law: Dictates entropy and heat transfer direction.
- Third Law: Addresses absolute zero and its impact on entropy.
Electromagnetism: Explores electric and magnetic interactions; key laws include Coulomb's Law and Faraday's Law, encapsulated in Maxwell's Equations.
Optics: Investigates light properties; involves concepts of reflection, refraction, and lenses.
Quantum Mechanics: Focuses on atomic and subatomic behaviors; highlights wave-particle duality and the uncertainty principle.
Relativity:
- Special Relativity: Pertains to objects moving at constant, high speeds.
- General Relativity: Describes gravity as space-time curvature.

Gravitational Force: Universal attraction affecting large masses, forming celestial structures.
Electromagnetic Force: Influences charged particles, crucial in electricity and magnetism.
Weak Nuclear Force: Governs radioactive decay, influencing particle interactions.
Strong Nuclear Force: Binds protons and neutrons in atomic nuclei, overcoming electrostatic repulsion.

Energy: Exists in various forms, including kinetic, potential, thermal, and nuclear; energy is conserved — it can only be transformed.
Momentum: The product of mass and velocity; total momentum remains constant in an isolated system.
Waves: Characterized by wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and speed; distinguished between mechanical (e.g., sound) and electromagnetic (e.g., light) waves.

SI Units encompass:
- Length: meter (m)
- Mass: kilogram (kg)
- Time: second (s)
- Force: newton (N)
- Energy: joule (J)
- Power: watt (W)

Engineering: Essential for designing structures, machinery, and electronic devices.
Medicine: Utilizes imaging technologies like X-rays and MRIs, and applies radiation therapy.
Environmental Science: Offers insights into climate change and advances in renewable energy technologies.