Fundamental Concepts in Physics

Definition: Physics is the study of matter, energy, and the fundamental forces of nature.
Branches:
- Classical Mechanics: Motion of objects and forces acting on them.
- Thermodynamics: Heat, energy transfer, and laws governing thermal systems.
- Electromagnetism: Electric and magnetic fields and their interactions.
- Quantum Mechanics: Behavior of particles at the atomic and subatomic levels.
- Relativity: Effects of motion on the experience of time, space, and gravity.

Newton's Laws of Motion:
- First Law: An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a force.
- Second Law: F = ma (Force equals mass times acceleration).
- Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Law of Conservation of Energy:
- Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.
Thermodynamics Laws:
- First Law: Energy conservation in thermodynamic processes.
- Second Law: Entropy of an isolated system always increases.
- Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, entropy approaches a constant minimum.
Electromagnetic Theory:
- Consists of electric fields, magnetic fields, and light as an electromagnetic wave.
- Maxwell's Equations describe how electric charges and currents produce electric and magnetic fields.
Quantum Mechanics:
- Wave-Particle Duality: Particles exhibit both wave and particle properties.
- Uncertainty Principle: It is impossible to simultaneously know both the position and momentum of a particle precisely.

SI Units:
- Length (meter), Mass (kilogram), Time (second), Electric Current (ampere), Temperature (kelvin).
Common Derivations:
- Energy (joule), Force (newton), Pressure (pascal), Power (watt).

Relativity:
- Special Relativity: Time dilation and length contraction occur at speeds near light.
- General Relativity: Gravity is a curvature of spacetime caused by mass.
Wave Properties:
- Frequency, wavelength, amplitude, and speed of waves.
- Interference and diffraction patterns in wave phenomena.

Physics provides foundational principles that govern the universe, impacting technology, natural phenomena, and our understanding of existence.
Continuous exploration through experiments and theories enriches our knowledge and application in various fields.

Physics studies matter, energy and the fundamental forces of nature
Key branches include Classical Mechanics, Thermodynamics, Electromagnetism, Quantum Mechanics and Relativity
Classical Mechanics studies the motion of objects and forces acting on them
Thermodynamics deals with heat energy transfer and thermal systems
Electromagnetism focuses on electric and magnetic fields and their interactions
Quantum Mechanics explores the behaviour of matter at the atomic and subatomic level
Relativity explains the effects of motion on time, space and gravity

Newton’s Laws of Motion govern the movement of objects
The First Law dictates that an object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a force
The Second Law states that Force equals mass times acceleration (F = ma)
The Third Law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another – this is the Law of Conservation of Energy
Thermodynamics Laws explain energy conservation within thermal processes
The First Law focuses on energy conservation in thermodynamic processes
The Second Law states that entropy of an isolated system always increases
The Third Law states that as temperature approaches absolute zero, entropy approaches a constant minimum
Electromagnetic Theory consist of electric fields, magnetic fields, and light as an electromagnetic wave
Maxwell's Equations describe how electric charges and currents produce electric and magnetic fields
Quantum Mechanics explains wave-particle duality, where particles exhibit both wave and particle properties
The Uncertainty Principle states that it is impossible to simultaneously know both the position and momentum of a particle precisely

Relativity consists of Special Relativity and General Relativity
Special Relativity explains that time dilation and length contraction occur at speeds near light
General Relativity states that gravity is a curvature of spacetime caused by mass
Wave Properties include frequency, wavelength, amplitude and speed of waves – their interaction can create interference and diffraction patterns

Physics provides foundational principles shaping our understanding of the universe
It plays a vital role in the development of technology, our comprehension of natural phenomena, and our understanding of existence
Continuous exploration through experiments and theories enriches our knowledge and application in various fields