Fundamental Concepts in Physics

Definition: Physics is the natural science that studies matter, energy, and the fundamental forces of nature, investigating how they interact.

Classical Mechanics
- Focuses on the motion of bodies under the influence of forces.
- Key concepts: Newton's laws of motion, energy conservation, momentum.
Thermodynamics
- Studies heat, work, and energy transformations.
- Key principles: laws of thermodynamics, entropy.
Electromagnetism
- Deals with electric charges, magnetic fields, and their interactions.
- Key components: Coulomb's law, Maxwell's equations.
Quantum Mechanics
- Explores the behavior of matter and energy at atomic and subatomic levels.
- Concepts include wave-particle duality, uncertainty principle.
Relativity
- Introduced by Albert Einstein, focusing on the effects of gravity on time and space.
- Key theories: Special relativity, general relativity.

Force (F)
- Defined as an interaction that causes an object to change its velocity.
- Measured in Newtons (N).
Work (W)
- The energy transferred to or from an object via the application of force along a distance.
- Calculated by W = F × d (force times displacement).
Energy
- The capacity to do work.
- Types: Kinetic (energy of motion), Potential (stored energy).
Momentum (p)
- Product of mass (m) and velocity (v); p = m × v.
- Conserved in closed systems.
Waves
- Oscillations that transfer energy through space or medium.
- Types: Mechanical waves, electromagnetic waves.

Newton's Laws of Motion
1. First Law: An object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a net external force.
2. Second Law: F = m × a (force equals mass times acceleration).
3. Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Laws of Thermodynamics
1. Zeroth: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in equilibrium with each other.
2. First: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed (conservation of energy).
3. Second: The entropy of an isolated system always increases.
4. Third: As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero.

SI Units:
- Length: Meter (m)
- Mass: Kilogram (kg)
- Time: Second (s)
- Force: Newton (N)
- Energy: Joule (J)

Engineering: Application of physical principles to design and construct structures and machines.
Medicine: Use of techniques like MRI and X-rays based on physics principles.
Technology: Development of electronic devices, lasers, and communication systems.

Physics is foundational to understanding the universe, paving the way for advances in technology, engineering, and various scientific fields.

Classical Mechanics:
- Studies the motion of objects under the influence of forces.
- Key concepts: Newton's laws of motion, energy conservation, momentum.
Thermodynamics:
- Studies heat, work, and energy transformations.
- Key principles: laws of thermodynamics, entropy.
Electromagnetism:
- Deals with electric charges, magnetic fields, and their interactions.
- Key components: Coulomb's law, Maxwell's equations.
Quantum Mechanics:
- Explores the behavior of matter and energy at atomic and subatomic levels.
- Concepts include wave-particle duality, uncertainty principle.
Relativity:
- Developed by Albert Einstein.
- Focuses on the effects of gravity on time and space.
- Key theories: Special relativity, general relativity.

Force:
- An interaction that causes an object to change its velocity.
- Measured in Newtons (N).
Work:
- Energy transferred to or from an object via the application of force along a distance.
- W = F × d (force times displacement).
Energy:
- The capacity to do work.
- Types: Kinetic (energy of motion), Potential (stored energy).
Momentum:
- Product of mass (m) and velocity (v); p = m × v.
- Conserved in closed systems.
Waves:
- Oscillations that transfer energy through space or medium.
- Types: Mechanical waves, electromagnetic waves.

Newton's Laws of Motion:
- First Law: An object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a net external force.
- Second Law: F = m × a (force equals mass times acceleration).
- Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Laws of Thermodynamics:
- Zeroth Law: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in equilibrium with each other.
- First Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed (conservation of energy).
- Second Law: The entropy of an isolated system always increases.
- Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero.

SI Units:
- Length: Meter (m)
- Mass: Kilogram (kg)
- Time: Second (s)
- Force: Newton (N)
- Energy: Joule (J)

Engineering: Applying physical principles to design and construct structures and machines.
Medicine: Using techniques like MRI and X-rays based on physics principles.
Technology: Development of electronic devices, lasers, and communication systems.