Fundamental Concepts in Physics

Matter: Anything that has mass and occupies space.
Energy: The ability to do work; exists in various forms (kinetic, potential, thermal).
Force: A push or pull acting upon an object; measured in Newtons.
Motion: Change in position of an object over time; described by displacement, velocity, and acceleration.

Newton's First Law: An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a net external force (inertia).
Newton's Second Law: Force equals mass times acceleration (F = ma).
Newton's Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Classical Mechanics: Study of the motion of objects.
Thermodynamics: Study of heat, energy transfer, and the laws governing these processes.
Electromagnetism: Study of electric charges, electric fields, magnetic fields, and their interactions.
Optics: Study of light, its properties, and its behavior when interacting with matter.
Modern Physics: Includes quantum mechanics and relativity.

Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
Conservation of Momentum: In a closed system, the total momentum remains constant unless acted upon by an external force.
Conservation of Charge: The total electric charge in an isolated system remains constant.

Heat Transfer:
- Conduction: Transfer through direct contact.
- Convection: Transfer through fluid motion.
- Radiation: Transfer through electromagnetic waves.
Laws of Thermodynamics:
1. Zeroth Law: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in equilibrium with each other.
2. First Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
3. Second Law: Entropy of an isolated system always increases.
4. Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero.

Wave Properties:
- Wavelength: Distance between successive crests or troughs.
- Frequency: Number of waves passing a point per unit time.
- Amplitude: Maximum displacement from the rest position.
Types of Waves:
- Mechanical: Require a medium (e.g., sound waves).
- Electromagnetic: Do not require a medium (e.g., light waves).

Relativity (Einstein): Describes the physics of high speeds and gravitational fields.
Quantum Mechanics: Governs atomic and subatomic particles, incorporating principles of wave-particle duality.

These notes cover essential concepts and principles in physics, providing a foundation for further studies in the subject.

Matter is anything with mass and takes up space.
Energy is the ability to do work and exists in forms like kinetic, potential, and thermal.
Force is a push or pull on an object, measured in Newtons.
Motion is a change in position over time, described by displacement, velocity, and acceleration.

First Law (Inertia): Objects at rest stay at rest, and objects in motion stay in motion unless acted upon by a net force.
Second Law: Force equals mass times acceleration (F = ma).
Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Classical Mechanics: Studies the motion of objects.
Thermodynamics: Deals with heat, energy transfer, and their governing laws.
Electromagnetism: Focuses on electric charges, electric and magnetic fields, and their interactions.
Optics: Studies light, its properties, and behavior when interacting with matter.
Modern Physics: Includes quantum mechanics and relativity.

Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
Momentum: In a closed system, total momentum remains constant unless acted upon by an external force.
Charge: The total electric charge in an isolated system remains constant.

Heat Transfer:
- Conduction: Transfer through direct contact.
- Convection: Transfer through fluid motion.
- Radiation: Transfer through electromagnetic waves.
Laws of Thermodynamics:
- Zeroth Law: If two systems are in equilibrium with a third system, they are in equilibrium with each other.
- First Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
- Second Law: Entropy (disorder) in an isolated system always increases.
- Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero.

Wave Properties:
- Wavelength: Distance between successive crests or troughs.
- Frequency: Number of waves passing a point per unit time.
- Amplitude: Maximum displacement from the rest position.
- Types of Waves:
- Mechanical: Need a medium (e.g., sound waves)
- Electromagnetic: Don't need a medium (e.g., light waves)

Observation: Notice a phenomenon or pattern.
Question: Ask a specific, testable question about the observation.
Hypothesis: Formulate a possible explanation for the phenomenon.
Experimentation: Design and conduct an experiment to test the hypothesis.
Analysis: Analyze data collected from the experiment.
Conclusion: Draw conclusions based on the analysis, supporting or refuting the hypothesis.

Relativity (Einstein): Describes physics at high speeds and in gravitational fields.
Quantum Mechanics: Governs atomic and subatomic particles, encompassing wave-particle duality.