Fundamental Biology: Atoms and Elements

• Fundamental Biology focuses on the chemical basis of life.
• Carbon is fundamental to all living things and biology itself.
• Matter occupies space and possesses mass.

Atoms

• Conceptualized by Leucippus.
• Defined as solid and indestructible by Democritus.
• Atoms stand as the functional units of matter.
• Atoms make up the smallest particles and building blocks of all matter.
• Atoms are indivisible via chemical means, and represents the smallest unit of an element in a chemical reaction.
• Protons are positively charged particles inside the nucleus.
• Neutrons have a neutral charge, also located inside the nucleus.
• Electrons, negatively charged, orbit outside the nucleus.
• Nucleus constitutes the core of an atom.
• Atomic mass or mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons.
• Atomic number represents the number of protons.
• Carbon has 6 protons, Nitrogen has 7, Oxygen has 8, Sulfur has 16, Hydrogen has 1, Phosphorus has 15.

Elements

• Elements cannot be broken down.
• Elements are each the simplest type of matter.
• Each has unique properties.
• Elements cannot be chemically transformed.
• Compounds are formed via chemical combinations of elements.

Molecules

• Molecules form when two or more atoms of the same element react or different elements combine.
• They can be organic or inorganic.
  • Inorganic molecules are non-living components.
  • Organic molecules are living components.
• C + O2 yields CO2.
• O+ O yields 02.
• Na + Cl yields NaCl.
• H + Cl yields HCI.

Structure of Molecules

• Chemical bonding involves the formation of bonds between atoms, molecules, or ions.
• Chemical Bonds keep atoms together in a compound.
• Ionic bonding which is known as "bigay nang bigay" relates to non-living or inorganic things.

Bonding Types

• Ionic bonding involves electron transfer between atoms.
  • Cations give away electrons and have a positive charge.
  • Anions gain electrons and have a negative charge.
• Covalent bonding, or "nakikihati," is organic and involves electron sharing between atoms.
  • Carbon-containing organic compounds, such as carbohydrates, protein, and lipids, exhibit covalent bonding.
• Hydrogen bonding occurs with hydrogen and oxygen, and is easily formed or broken.
• Water.
  • Is held responsible for many properties, naturally exists in solid, liquid, and gas states.
  • Feces is considered a stool.
  • Condensation transforms gas to liquid.
  • Evaporation occurs when liquid turns to gas.
  • Deposition is the transition when gas transforms to solid.
  • Sublimation occurs when solid turns to gas.
  • Freezing is the process in which Liquid becomes solid.
  • Melting occurs when Solid becomes liquid.
• Water is major component of bodily fluids and medium for most metabolic reactions.
  • Plasma is the medium in metabolic reactions.

Gilbert Lewis

• Photon, acids and bases, covalent bond.
• Needs 8 electrons in the outer shell > octet rule

Inorganic Molecules

• Inorganic molecules have no carbon.
• Positive and negative ions are usually found in these molecules.
• Atoms are generally held together by ionic bonds.
• Non-living things are also associated with them.
• Water, acids, bases, salts, and gases are included.
• Water is the most abundant component of protoplasm.

Polar Component

• Protoplasm is the living or most active part of the cell.
  • Consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
• Polar covalent bond is in water.
• Living cells consist of 70-95% water
  • Inside the cell are roughly 46% (approx. 2/3).
  • Outside, plasma of blood, and body liquids like saliva/urine make up about 23% (approx. 1/3).
• Water covers 3/4 of the earth's surface.
  • 1/4 of Earth is land.
  • Marine water 97%

Blood

• Red bloods cells transports nutrients and have no nucleus and are nonnucleated.
• Water regulates temperatures- important in transporting chemicals in the body.
• It acts as a lubricant for movable surfaces and a cushion for the brain/spinal cord.
  • Prevents excessive brain movement.
  • Spinal cord surrounded by
• Vertebral column's vertebra spinal include:
  • Cervical (C1-C8)
  • Thoracic (T1-T12)
  • Lumbar (L1-L5)
  • Sacral (S1-S5)
  • Caudal-Coccyx

Properties of Water

• Has Cohesion: to combine or attract.
  • Attraction between same kind.
• Has Adhesion: to adhere or spread.
  • Attraction between different kinds.
• Capillary Action: ability to be transported in a tall tree.
  • Root absorbs water.
• Hydrophilic relates to water-loving tendencies.
  • Ability to break forces of water.
  • Polar.
• Hydrophobic relates to water-fearing or hating tendencies.
  • Inability to break forces of water, and being non-polar.
  • Water and oil.
• Ice Density floats the surface.
• Surface Tension holds heat.
• High Heat Capacity maintains heat.
  • Bond broken with heat, more common when evaporating.
• Henry Cavendish discovered hydrogen gas, composition of polarity, and polarity.
• Gases.
  • Are useful in helping food molecules oxidize- release energy.
  • Oxidation releases energy.
• Two major gases are oxygen and carbon dioxide.
• Oxygen.
  • Organelles to release energy from nutrients.
  • Drives the metabolic process for cells.
  • Raw material, necessary for survival.
• Carbon Dioxide.
  • Must be removed as a waste product during metabolic activity- toxic to cells.
  • During photosynthesis, cells require carbon dioxide and energy to produce molecules/oxygen from the sun.
  • Releases carbon dioxide in night.
• Acids.
  • Increased ion concentration when is added.
  • Actetic Acid (vinegar)
  • Citric Acid (lemon)
• Bases.
  • Lower hydrogen ion.
  • Has sodium Bicarbonate (baking soda).
  • Ammonia Hydroxide (ammonia water).
• PH Scale.
  • Measures acidity and alkalinity.
  • PH is the power of hydrogen.
  • Søren Peter Lauritz Sørensen (1909).
• P is derived from the German word potenz, meaning power.
• PH and hydrogen are inversely proportional.
  • The more hydrogen, the more ph.
• PH Level.
  • Acid/Acids 0-6.9.
  • Normal-neutral 7.
  • Base/ Basic/ Alkaline 7.1-14.

Example of PH Conditions

• PH 2 is known as Gastric juices:
  • Hydrochloric acid.
  • Kapag nagrub ang stomach sa sarilli- ulceration.
• PH 4 tomato juice.
• PH 3.5 Orang juice (pure).
• PH 5 Human urine.
• PH 7 Pure water.
• PH 7.4 human blood
• PH 10 Hand soap.
• PH 12 Household bleach.

Buffer

• Is helpful in balancing acidity and alkalinity.
• Litmus paper, Acid-blue to red, Base- red to blue.
• Salts.
  • Neutralizes acid and base.
  • Important for repairing muscle, and metabolism.
  • Has Iodine. lodized.
  • Prevents goiters
• From rocks- usually natural rocks and found in the water.

Biological Molecules

• Are required for energy and survival.
• Are macromolecules.
• Are contains monomers.
• Built from smaller molecules.

Organic Molecules

• Organic Molecules- living things.
• Provides energy.

Polypeptide Chain

• Is made by structural units/building.
• is source in energy carbohydrates.

Carbohydrates

• Sugar achharon"which means sugar.
• Sweet sacchar means.
• Composed of C, H, and O

Glucose

• Is found at a 1:2:1 ratio.
• Body's source and structural support.
• literally "hydrated carbon" or is molecules
• Excess CHO is stored in liver/muscles as a glycogen or fat. Contains glucose/components.
  • Found in roots/seeds-components of plants.
  • Can be consumed if di kumain If can't digest.

Kinds of Carbohydrates

• Monosaccharides- are sugar and a resource. Is a basic element?
• Sugar=Ose.
• Dextrose= glucose/ blood sugar.
• Intravenuos means you getting fluids in the vein.
• Fructose= fruit sugar, Ketose

Disacchride

• Double sugar-two monosacchrides bonded together.

• Principle is transported through plants-

• Lactose= (milk sugar) / Glucose + glactose- for newborns.

• Maltose= (malt sugar)-Glucose + glucose(alchohol)

• Sucrose=(Table sugar)- glucose + fructose->white/brown

• Sacchoride

• Sacrode->monosacharide-O<-monosacharide

• 3 Polysccharidies: (complex). Sugar

• many saccharides bonds.

• Plants Use-> Photosynthises ->Store .

Forms:

• Linear is Amylos/starch, in humans.

• muscles.

• Cellulose . is material and contains.

• Cell walls (plant)- the enzymes are produced by celllulose.

• Fermentation : VFA nutrients source.

• Biogas products , feces and trach heat trashes

• Teeth , flattened forherb and pointed for carnivore

• Inchisior Chope

• Kanines cut

• Pre-molar -> grid molar

Chitin

the structural Exo and endos

• nitrogenous carbs
• Polysaccharide- glycan - not sweets

Lipids

• With zero ratio, Insolvent, but building block. Simple Vs Fatty Oil: Unsaturated vs fats Saturated

Function

• Structure + Intergrity.
• Insulin Layer
• Regulate Homeostatsis
• Depost tissue-> store Store+ Enzyme Lipids
• Athelsiclerosis
• lipids
• proteus

Molecules

• Gloco vs lipids Steroild ->Carbon
• Cholesto and other -failure is important.
• Protein->First place of importance in muscle.