Functions of the Urinary System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the urinary system related to blood pH?

  • Regulate blood levels of several ions
  • Conserve water in urine
  • Eliminate waste products
  • Excrete H+ ions (correct)

    • Where do renal calculi usually form?

  • Renal papilla (correct)
  • Renal pyramids
  • Nephron
  • Renal cortex

    • What is the function of the renal fat pad?

  • Produces urine
  • Regulates blood glucose levels
  • Anchors the kidneys (correct)
  • Secretes renin

    • What is the purpose of the renal medulla in the kidneys?

    <p>Contain renal pyramids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure collects urine for transport out of the body?

    <p>Calyx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the renal pelvis?

    <p>Collect and drain away fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the ureters?

    <p>Convey urine from kidneys to urinary bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for propelling urine by peristalsis?

    <p>Muscular layer of the ureters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the renal portal system?

    <p>Supplying blood to the kidney tubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition involves the kidney tubules becoming riddled with cysts?

    <p>Polycystic kidney disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the ureters open in the urinary bladder?

    <p>On the floor of the bladder in the corners of a triangle shaped area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle primarily makes up the wall of the urinary bladder?

    <p>Smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a nephron in the kidney?

    <p>Filtering blood plasma and forming urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a nephron, where does the first filtration of blood plasma take place?

    <p>Renal corpuscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nephron is responsible for processing the filtered fluid?

    <p>Renal tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the juxtaglomerular complex in the kidney nephron?

    <p>Fine-tuning urine based on body needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) located in the nephron?

    <p>Cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nephron has a long nephron loop that dips far into the medulla?

    <p>Juxtamedullary nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of podocytes in the renal corpuscle of a nephron?

    <p>Support and filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prevents large proteins like albumin from entering the filtrate in a nephron?

    <p>'Slit diaphragm'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the male anatomy reflexively closes to prevent urine from mixing with semen?

    <p>'Sphincter muscles'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens as filtrate descends into and ascends back from the medulla in a nephron loop?

    <p>It becomes thinner and then thicker.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the renal fat pad?

    <p>To anchor the kidneys and help maintain their shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nephron is responsible for the first filtration of blood plasma?

    <p>Renal corpuscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the renal hilum located in the kidney?

    <p>On the medial surface where structures like ureter attach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the renal calyces in the urinary system?

    <p>To collect urine for transport out of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nephron contains blood vessels and extends from the capsule to the base of pyramids?

    <p>Renal columns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of renal calculi in relation to the urinary system?

    <p>They can cause blockages and kidney stones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the muscular layer in the ureters?

    <p>Propelling urine by peristalsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of kidney stone disintegrates using high energy shock waves as an alternative to surgery?

    <p>Calcium oxalate stones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathological process that causes inappropriate apoptosis in non-cystic kidney tubules in polycystic kidney disease?

    <p>Progressive impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the urinary bladder allows for significant distension due to its folded structure?

    <p>Muscular layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the female urethra extend down from, leading to an opening at the external urinary meatus?

    <p>Bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the urinary bladder when working in conjunction with the urethra?

    <p>Expulsion of urine from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the juxtaglomerular complex in the nephron?

    <p>Regulating blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the male urethra prevents the mixing of urine with semen?

    <p>Sphincter muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the renal corpuscle in the nephron?

    <p>Filtration of blood plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the filtered fluid first enter the nephron in the renal corpuscle?

    <p>Bowman's capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the male anatomy allows urine to exit the body?

    <p>Collecting ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nephron is responsible for producing concentrated urine?

    <p>Juxtamedullary nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of mesangial cells in the nephron?

    <p>Support and phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure ensures that large proteins like albumin stay in the blood and do not enter the filtrate in a nephron?

    <p>Glomerulus basement membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) in a nephron?

    <p>Reabsorbing substances like glucose and electrolytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle primarily makes up the wall of the urinary bladder?

    <p>Smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Urinary System Functions

    • Excretion: removal of metabolic waste products
    • Elimination: discharge of waste products into the environment
    • Homeostasis: regulates blood ionic composition, pH, volume, and pressure
    • Hormone production: calcitriol (vit D) and erythropoietin
    • Blood glucose levels: regulates levels via glucogenesis

    Kidneys

    • Principle organs that produce urine
    • Left kidney is slightly larger than the right and lies retroperitoneal
    • Located between T12-L3 vertebrae
    • Renal fat pad and CT anchors kidneys
    • Hilum: medial surface where ureter, blood, and lymphatic vessels and nerves attach
    • White Fibrous Capsule: barrier to trauma and helps maintain shape
    • Renal cortex: outer region, extends from capsule to base of pyramids and space between them
    • Renal Medulla: inner region
    • Renal pyramids: 8-18 wedges of medullary tissue
    • Renal Lobe: a renal pyramid and ½ of each adjacent renal column

    Nephron

    • Functional unit of the kidney
    • Consists of renal corpuscle and renal tubule
    • Processes blood plasma and forms urine
    • Millions of nephrons in each kidney

    Renal Corpuscle

    • First part of the nephron
    • Composed of Bowman's capsule and glomerulus
    • Capillaries push into Bowman's capsule
    • Fluid from blood filters into capsule
    • Bowman's capsule has two layers of epithelia separated by a space called the capsular space
    • Filtrate is collected in capsular space and processed in renal tubule to form urine

    Renal Tubule

    • Extends from corpuscle to collecting duct
    • Part of the renal tubule is in the cortex, and the other part is in the medulla
    • Processes filtrate to form urine

    Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

    • First part of the renal tubule
    • Nearest to Bowman's capsule
    • Simple cuboidal cells with microvilli to increase surface area
    • Bulk of reabsorption takes place here

    Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle)

    • Filtrate descends into medulla and ascends back up to cortex
    • Descending limb is thin
    • Ascending limb is thin and thick
    • Length is important in producing concentrated or dilute urine

    Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

    • Conducts filtrate out of nephron into collecting duct
    • Contains the juxtaglomerular complex
    • Found in cortex
    • Sits close to corpuscle to communicate with the corpuscle
    • Fine-tuning of urine based on body's needs

    Types of Nephrons

    • Cortical nephrons: 80%, short nephron loop that barely dips into medulla
    • Juxtamedullary nephrons: 20%, long nephron loop that dips far into medulla
    • Makes concentrated urine

    Ureters

    • 2 tubes that convey urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
    • Retroperitoneal and course into pelvis until it reaches bladder
    • Bottom of bladder lined with transitional epithelium
    • 3 layers: mucous lining, muscular layer, and fibrous outer layer
    • Muscular layer propels urine by peristalsis

    Urinary Bladder

    • Collapsible bag
    • Wall made up of mostly smooth muscle (detrusor muscle)
    • Lined with mucous transitional epithelium and forms folds called rugae
    • 3 openings on the floor of the bladder: 2 ureters and 1 urethra
    • Functions: reservoir for urine and expels urine from the body with the urethra

    Urethra

    • Small tube lined with mucous membrane
    • Leads from floor of bladder to exterior of body
    • Female urethra: 3 cm path, directly behind pubic symphysis
    • Male urethra: 20 cm path, passes through prostate gland
    • Urine prevented from mixing with semen by reflex closure of sphincter muscles

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    Test your knowledge on the functions of the urinary system, including excretion, elimination, homeostasis, hormone production, and more. Learn about how the urinary system helps regulate blood composition, pH levels, volume, pressure, and glucose levels.

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