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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the urinary system related to blood pH?
Where do renal calculi usually form?
What is the function of the renal fat pad?
What is the purpose of the renal medulla in the kidneys?
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Which structure collects urine for transport out of the body?
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What is the main function of the renal pelvis?
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What is the main function of the ureters?
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Which structure is responsible for propelling urine by peristalsis?
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What is the function of the renal portal system?
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Which condition involves the kidney tubules becoming riddled with cysts?
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Where do the ureters open in the urinary bladder?
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What type of muscle primarily makes up the wall of the urinary bladder?
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What is the function of a nephron in the kidney?
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In a nephron, where does the first filtration of blood plasma take place?
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Which part of the nephron is responsible for processing the filtered fluid?
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What is the function of the juxtaglomerular complex in the kidney nephron?
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Where is the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) located in the nephron?
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Which type of nephron has a long nephron loop that dips far into the medulla?
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What is the role of podocytes in the renal corpuscle of a nephron?
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What prevents large proteins like albumin from entering the filtrate in a nephron?
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Which part of the male anatomy reflexively closes to prevent urine from mixing with semen?
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What happens as filtrate descends into and ascends back from the medulla in a nephron loop?
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What is the primary function of the renal fat pad?
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Which part of the nephron is responsible for the first filtration of blood plasma?
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Where is the renal hilum located in the kidney?
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What is the function of the renal calyces in the urinary system?
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Which part of the nephron contains blood vessels and extends from the capsule to the base of pyramids?
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What is the significance of renal calculi in relation to the urinary system?
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What is the primary function of the muscular layer in the ureters?
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Which type of kidney stone disintegrates using high energy shock waves as an alternative to surgery?
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What is the pathological process that causes inappropriate apoptosis in non-cystic kidney tubules in polycystic kidney disease?
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Which part of the urinary bladder allows for significant distension due to its folded structure?
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Where does the female urethra extend down from, leading to an opening at the external urinary meatus?
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What is the main function of the urinary bladder when working in conjunction with the urethra?
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What is the role of the juxtaglomerular complex in the nephron?
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Which part of the male urethra prevents the mixing of urine with semen?
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What is the function of the renal corpuscle in the nephron?
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Where does the filtered fluid first enter the nephron in the renal corpuscle?
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What part of the male anatomy allows urine to exit the body?
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Which type of nephron is responsible for producing concentrated urine?
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What is the function of mesangial cells in the nephron?
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Which structure ensures that large proteins like albumin stay in the blood and do not enter the filtrate in a nephron?
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What is the primary role of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) in a nephron?
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Which type of muscle primarily makes up the wall of the urinary bladder?
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Study Notes
Urinary System Functions
- Excretion: removal of metabolic waste products
- Elimination: discharge of waste products into the environment
- Homeostasis: regulates blood ionic composition, pH, volume, and pressure
- Hormone production: calcitriol (vit D) and erythropoietin
- Blood glucose levels: regulates levels via glucogenesis
Kidneys
- Principle organs that produce urine
- Left kidney is slightly larger than the right and lies retroperitoneal
- Located between T12-L3 vertebrae
- Renal fat pad and CT anchors kidneys
- Hilum: medial surface where ureter, blood, and lymphatic vessels and nerves attach
- White Fibrous Capsule: barrier to trauma and helps maintain shape
- Renal cortex: outer region, extends from capsule to base of pyramids and space between them
- Renal Medulla: inner region
- Renal pyramids: 8-18 wedges of medullary tissue
- Renal Lobe: a renal pyramid and ½ of each adjacent renal column
Nephron
- Functional unit of the kidney
- Consists of renal corpuscle and renal tubule
- Processes blood plasma and forms urine
- Millions of nephrons in each kidney
Renal Corpuscle
- First part of the nephron
- Composed of Bowman's capsule and glomerulus
- Capillaries push into Bowman's capsule
- Fluid from blood filters into capsule
- Bowman's capsule has two layers of epithelia separated by a space called the capsular space
- Filtrate is collected in capsular space and processed in renal tubule to form urine
Renal Tubule
- Extends from corpuscle to collecting duct
- Part of the renal tubule is in the cortex, and the other part is in the medulla
- Processes filtrate to form urine
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
- First part of the renal tubule
- Nearest to Bowman's capsule
- Simple cuboidal cells with microvilli to increase surface area
- Bulk of reabsorption takes place here
Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle)
- Filtrate descends into medulla and ascends back up to cortex
- Descending limb is thin
- Ascending limb is thin and thick
- Length is important in producing concentrated or dilute urine
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
- Conducts filtrate out of nephron into collecting duct
- Contains the juxtaglomerular complex
- Found in cortex
- Sits close to corpuscle to communicate with the corpuscle
- Fine-tuning of urine based on body's needs
Types of Nephrons
- Cortical nephrons: 80%, short nephron loop that barely dips into medulla
- Juxtamedullary nephrons: 20%, long nephron loop that dips far into medulla
- Makes concentrated urine
Ureters
- 2 tubes that convey urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
- Retroperitoneal and course into pelvis until it reaches bladder
- Bottom of bladder lined with transitional epithelium
- 3 layers: mucous lining, muscular layer, and fibrous outer layer
- Muscular layer propels urine by peristalsis
Urinary Bladder
- Collapsible bag
- Wall made up of mostly smooth muscle (detrusor muscle)
- Lined with mucous transitional epithelium and forms folds called rugae
- 3 openings on the floor of the bladder: 2 ureters and 1 urethra
- Functions: reservoir for urine and expels urine from the body with the urethra
Urethra
- Small tube lined with mucous membrane
- Leads from floor of bladder to exterior of body
- Female urethra: 3 cm path, directly behind pubic symphysis
- Male urethra: 20 cm path, passes through prostate gland
- Urine prevented from mixing with semen by reflex closure of sphincter muscles
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Description
Test your knowledge on the functions of the urinary system, including excretion, elimination, homeostasis, hormone production, and more. Learn about how the urinary system helps regulate blood composition, pH levels, volume, pressure, and glucose levels.
