77 Questions
Which proteins are mentioned to be produced by the liver during the acute phase reaction?
Albumin & transferrin
How does the liver store nutrients?
As glycogen
What is the liver's role in fat metabolism?
Oxidizing fatty acids for energy
How is ammonia generated in the liver?
It is released during amino acid metabolism
Where does bilirubin generation take place?
In the liver
How is unconjugated bilirubin transported in the blood?
Bound to albumin
Which of the following is true about the urea cycle?
It only occurs in liver mitochondria
What can lead to an accumulation of bilirubin in the blood?
Biliary obstruction
What is the main function of plasma proteins with low oncotic pressure?
Increase plasma protein production
Which of the following plasma proteins is negatively regulated during the acute phase reaction?
Albumin
What is the primary function of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in lipid metabolism?
Reverse transport cholesterol from tissues back to the liver
Ammonia, a by-product of amino acid metabolism, is primarily detoxified in the liver through which process?
Urea cycle
Which of the following is NOT a function of hepatic metabolism of bilirubin?
Excretion into bile duct
What happens to bile salts derived from cholesterol after solubilizing lipids in the small intestine?
Reabsorbed in the liver
In the context of lipid metabolism, what is the main role of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)?
Export triglycerides and cholesterol from the liver to tissues
What is the ultimate destination of urobilinogens produced during bilirubin metabolism?
Returned to the intestine via enterohepatic circulation
What is the liver's role in fat metabolism?
Breaks down triglycerides into ketone bodies
How does the liver metabolize ammonia?
Converts ammonia to urea for excretion
Which statement accurately describes bilirubin metabolism in the liver?
The liver processes bilirubin into bile for excretion
What types of plasma proteins does the liver manufacture?
Essentially all plasma proteins except immunoglobulins
What can cause lactic acidosis according to the text?
Impaired gluconeogenesis in liver failure
How does the liver maintain normal blood glucose levels?
By regulating insulin and glucagon levels
What role do insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone play in blood glucose regulation?
Insulin promotes glucose uptake by cells, while glucagon stimulates glycogen breakdown
What contributes to excessive muscle glycolysis according to the text?
Seizures or medication that increase glycolysis
Which of the following is NOT a component of bile?
Insulin
What is the primary function of urobilinogens in the body?
Giving color to feces
How do liver enzymes contribute to drug metabolism?
By adding polar groups to facilitate excretion
What is the role of bile salts in fat absorption?
Solubilizing excreted lipids in bile and dietary lipids
Which of the following is true about the color of urobilinogens?
They give color to feces
What is the primary function of cytochrome P-450 system in drug metabolism?
Hydroxylation and oxidation of drugs
What happens to bile salts after aiding in fat absorption?
They are reabsorbed in the terminal ileum
Which of the following statements is true about bilirubin metabolism?
Glucuronic acid residues are hydrolyzed during bilirubin metabolism
What is the primary function of ALT in the liver?
Indicating hepatocellular injury
Which enzyme is used to confirm that elevated ALP is specifically from liver or biliary tree damage?
GGT
What does an elevated INR in liver disease indicate?
Impaired blood clotting
Which condition can lead to thrombocytopenia due to splenomegaly?
Portal hypertension
What role does the liver play in systemic catabolic states?
Release of glucose into circulation
What factor regulates enzyme expression and activity related to liver metabolism?
Hormones like insulin and glucagon
In liver cirrhosis, what can elevated levels of bilirubin indicate?
Bile duct obstruction
What is the primary role of albumin produced by the liver?
Transporting hormones and fatty acids
What is the primary function of the urobilinogens produced during bilirubin metabolism?
Contribute to fecal coloration
In systemic catabolic states, what role does the liver play in maintaining normal blood glucose levels?
Stimulating gluconeogenesis
Which of the following describes a function of hepatic metabolism of bilirubin?
Detoxification of heme groups
How does the liver primarily store nutrients?
Intracellularly as glycogen
Which process does the liver primarily use to metabolize ammonia?
Urea cycle
What is the main function of plasma proteins produced during an acute phase reaction with low oncotic pressure?
Regulate osmotic pressure
How does the liver contribute to maintaining normal blood glucose levels?
By converting lactate to glucose via gluconeogenesis
What is the major role of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) in lipid metabolism?
Transporting dietary triglycerides to tissues
How is ammonia, generated during amino acid metabolism, detoxified in the liver?
Converted to urea and excreted by the kidneys
What is the primary function of hepatocytes in bilirubin metabolism in the liver?
Conjugate bilirubin with glucuronic acid to make it water soluble
Which process enables the liver to detoxify ammonia into urea?
The urea cycle
What is the main role of the liver in storing nutrients?
Storing glycogen and fat-soluble vitamins
What is the fate of conjugated bilirubin once it is produced in the liver?
Actively transported across bile canaliculi to concentrate bile
Which proteins are predominantly synthesized by the liver during the acute phase reaction described in the text?
Albumin and transferrin
In case of urea cycle dysfunction leading to ammonia accumulation, what symptoms may manifest according to the text?
'Brain fog' and difficulty speaking
How does the liver regulate blood glucose levels?
By synthesizing ketone bodies from triglycerides
What is a potential consequence of liver failure regarding glucose production?
Impaired conversion of lactate to glucose
Under what conditions does the liver metabolize triglycerides into ketone bodies?
When glucose levels are low
Which statement accurately describes the liver's role in amino acid metabolism?
It converts ammonia to urea for excretion
How does liver failure contribute to lactic acidosis?
By impairing lactate conversion to glucose
What is the consequence of liver failure on plasma protein production?
Impaired synthesis of clotting proteins
Which process is negatively impacted in the liver during lactic acidosis?
Gluconeogenesis from lactate
What is a potential outcome of impaired plasma protein production by the liver?
Decreased clotting factor production
Which enzyme is liver-specific and can be used as a marker for hepatocellular injury?
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
What is the primary function of ammonia metabolism in the liver?
Converting ammonia to urea
In systemic anabolic states, what is the liver responsible for primarily?
Storing energy-rich nutrients from the portal circulation
How does the liver contribute to maintaining normal blood glucose levels?
By converting glycogen to glucose
Which factor plays a crucial role in regulating enzyme expression and activity related to liver metabolism?
Hormones like insulin and glucagon
Which plasma protein is primarily involved in hepatic cell signaling?
Albumin
What does an elevated INR in liver disease often indicate?
Impaired blood clotting and easy bleeding
What is the main function of storing nutrients in the liver?
To regulate blood glucose levels
Which enzyme confirms that elevated ALP is specifically from liver or biliary tree damage?
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)
Which process is essential for synthesizing bile salts from cholesterol?
Hydroxylation by cytochrome P-450 system
In systemic catabolic states, what is the primary function of the liver?
Release stored glucose into circulation
What is the primary role of plasma proteins synthesized by the liver during acute phase reactions?
Responding to inflammation
Which marker indicates damage to the biliary tree and helps confirm that ALP elevation is from liver or biliary tree injury?
(GGT)
What contributes to the color of feces and urine due to the metabolism of bilirubin?
Formation of urobilinogens
Test your knowledge on the key functions of the liver including maintaining normal blood glucose concentration, synthesizing plasma proteins, storing nutrients, and metabolizing ammonia and bilirubin. Learn how the liver maintains normal blood glucose levels and its role in regulating various hormones.
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