Functions of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems

Central Nervous System (CNS)

• Consists of the brain and spinal cord
• Integrates sensory information, coordinates bodily functions, and responds to external stimuli

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

• Consists of cranial nerves and spinal nerves
• Connects the CNS to limbs and organs, serves as a communication relay between the brain and the extremities

Functions of the Lobes of the Cerebrum

Frontal Lobe

• Controls voluntary movement, decision making, problem-solving, planning, and speech production (Broca's area)

Parietal Lobe

• Involved in sensory perception and integration, spatial awareness, and navigation

Occipital Lobe

• Responsible for visual processing

Temporal Lobe

• Involved in auditory processing, memory, and speech comprehension (Wernicke's area)

Functions of the Cerebellum

• Coordinates voluntary movements, balance, posture, and motor learning

Functions of the Medulla Oblongata

• Regulates vital autonomic functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration

Features of a Neuron

Cell Body (Soma)

• Contains the nucleus and organelles, integrates incoming signals

Dendrites

• Receive signals from other neurons

Axon

• Transmits signals away from the cell body to other neurons or muscles

Myelin Sheath

• Insulates the axon, increasing the speed of signal transmission

Synapse

• Junction between neurons where neurotransmitters are released to transmit signals

Functions of Facial Nerves (Cranial Nerve VII)

• Controls the muscles of facial expression, taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, and lacrimal and salivary glands

Functions of the 12 Cranial Nerves

Olfactory Nerve (I)

• Responsible for the sense of smell
• Type: Sensory

Optic Nerve (II)

• Responsible for vision
• Type: Sensory

Oculomotor Nerve (III)

• Controls eye movement, pupil constriction
• Innervates: Superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles
• Type: Motor

Trochlear Nerve (IV)

• Controls eye movement
• Innervates: Superior oblique muscle
• Type: Motor

Trigeminal Nerve (V)

• Involved in facial sensation, chewing
• Innervates: Muscles of mastication (masseter, temporalis)
• Type: Both sensory and motor

Abducens Nerve (VI)

• Controls eye movement
• Innervates: Lateral rectus muscle
• Type: Motor

Facial Nerve (VII)

• Involved in facial expression, taste, salivary and lacrimal glands
• Innervates: Muscles of facial expression
• Type: Both sensory and motor

Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII)

• Responsible for hearing and balance
• Type: Sensory

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)

• Involved in taste, salivation, swallowing
• Innervates: Pharyngeal muscles
• Type: Both sensory and motor

Vagus Nerve (X)

• Involved in autonomic control of the heart, lungs, and digestive tract, taste, and speech
• Innervates: Muscles of the larynx and pharynx, heart, lungs, digestive tract
• Type: Both sensory and motor

Accessory Nerve (XI)

• Controls shoulder and neck movement
• Innervates: Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
• Type: Motor

Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)

• Controls tongue movement
• Innervates: Muscles of the tongue
• Type: Motor

Purely Sensory vs Purely Motor Nerves

• Purely Sensory: Olfactory (I), Optic (II), Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
• Purely Motor: Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV), Abducens (VI), Accessory (XI), Hypoglossal (XII)

This quiz covers the components and functions of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS), including the integration of sensory information and coordination of bodily functions.