Functions and Biology of Bone Tissue

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Questions and Answers

Which function is NOT performed by bone tissue?

Mineral storage

Protection

Digestion (correct)

Support

What is the primary role of osteoclasts?

Store minerals

Break down bone matrix (correct)

Maintain bone matrix

Produce osteoid

What are the channels that connect lacunae within an osteon called?

Centrilaculums

Volkmann canals

Canaliculi (correct)

Haversian canals

What type of bone is primarily found in the outer walls of long bones?

Compact bone Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is essential for proper bone formation?

Vitamin D Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of canaliculi in bone structure?

They allow nutrients to pass between osteocytes Signup and view all the answers

What process is responsible for the formation of flat bones of the skull?

Intramembranous ossification Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing blood calcium levels?

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Signup and view all the answers

What type of growth occurs in length during long bone development?

Interstitial growth Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to osteoporosis?

Decreased bone mass Signup and view all the answers

Which carpal bone is located in the proximal row?

Lunate Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the metacarpals?

Support the fingers of the hand Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones articulates with the distal radius?

Scaphoid Signup and view all the answers

Which process is found on the ulna?

Trochlear notch Signup and view all the answers

How many bones are present in the distal row of carpal bones?

4 Signup and view all the answers

What structure does the head of the humerus articulate with proximally?

Glenoid cavity Signup and view all the answers

Which structure on the humerus articulates with the ulna distally?

Trochlea Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following features is not associated with the humerus?

Coronoid fossa Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the groove located between the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus?

Intertubercular sulcus Signup and view all the answers

Which of these structures is a feature of both the radius and ulna?

Coronoid process Signup and view all the answers

Which component is part of the axial skeleton?

Vertebrae Signup and view all the answers

How many bones make up the appendicular skeleton?

126 Signup and view all the answers

Which bone structure is responsible for protecting the heart and lungs?

Ribs Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of bones in the adult human skeleton?

206 Signup and view all the answers

Which group of bones is NOT part of the axial skeleton?

Clavicles Signup and view all the answers

How many tarsal bones are present in the tarsus?

7 Signup and view all the answers

What bones make up each hip bone in the pelvic girdle?

Ilium, ischium, and pubis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones does NOT comprise the metatarsus?

Talus Signup and view all the answers

Where do the two hip bones articulate anteriorly?

Pubic symphysis Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the ilium is located at the uppermost section?

Tubercle of the iliac crest Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of the metatarsal bones in terms of their numbering from big toe to little toe?

I, II, III, IV, V Signup and view all the answers

Which structure separates the two pubic bones in the pelvic girdle?

Fibrocartilage disc Signup and view all the answers

Which bone articulates with the proximal phalanges at the distal end of the metatarsus?

Metatarsal bones Signup and view all the answers

What is the location where the head of the femur articulates with the pelvic girdle?

Acetabulum Signup and view all the answers

Which tarsal bone is known as the heel bone?

Calcaneus Signup and view all the answers

What type of cartilage covers the surfaces of two bones in a synovial joint?

Hyaline cartilage Signup and view all the answers

Which structure acts as a lubricant within the joint cavity of a synovial joint?

Synovial fluid Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a ligament in joint anatomy?

Attach one bone to another Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is found wrapped around a tendon?

Tendon sheath Signup and view all the answers

What type of synovial joint allows for movement in multiple axes?

Ball-and-socket joint Signup and view all the answers

What bone is located on the lateral side of the forearm?

Radius Signup and view all the answers

Which structures form the trochlear notch on the ulna?

Olecranon and coronoid process Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the radius?

Its head articulates with the capitulum of the humerus. Signup and view all the answers

What feature of the ulna contributes to the formation of the elbow joint?

Coronoid process Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the interosseous membrane between the ulna and radius?

Stabilizes the position of the bones Signup and view all the answers

Which type of synovial joint allows movement in all planes?

Ball-and-socket Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the position of a joint when a person is in the standard anatomical position?

Zero position Signup and view all the answers

Which joint movement describes a reduction in the angle between body parts?

Flexion Signup and view all the answers

Which type of synovial joint involves bones sliding over one another?

Plane/Gliding Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement does a hinge joint primarily allow?

Monoaxial movement Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Functions of Bone

Blood cell formation occurs within the bone marrow.
Bone provides structural support for the body.
Minerals, such as calcium and phosphate, are stored within the bone matrix.
Bone protects vital organs, such as the brain (skull), spinal cord (vertebrae), and heart and lungs (ribcage).

Bone Tissue

Compact bone makes up 80% of bone mass and is dense and solid.
Spongy (cancellous or trabecular) bone is less dense and provides support and leverage for movement.
Osteoblasts are responsible for bone formation and become osteocytes when surrounded by the matrix they produce.
Osteoclasts break down bone matrix, aiding in bone remodeling.

Bone Formation and Growth

Intramembranous ossification forms flat bones, such as some skull bones, the mandible, and maxilla.
Endochondral ossification forms long bones, such as those in the arms and legs.
Long bone growth in length occurs through interstitial growth.
Bone growth in diameter, known as appositional growth, occurs throughout life.
Calcium is essential for bone formation, muscle contraction, and blood clotting.
Vitamin D is necessary for calcium absorption.
Growth hormone, produced by the thyroid gland, promotes bone growth in children.
Calcitonin, produced by the parathyroid gland, regulates blood calcium levels.

Osteoporosis

Decreased bone mass can lead to osteoporosis.
Factors contributing to osteoporosis include age, genetics, diet, and estrogen levels.

Upper Limb and Humerus

The humerus articulates with the scapula proximally at the glenoid cavity and distally at the elbow with the radius and ulna.
The head of the humerus fits into the glenoid cavity, forming the shoulder joint.
The trochlea of the humerus articulates with the ulna, while the capitulum of the humerus articulates with the radius.

Radius and Ulna

The radius is located on the thumb side of the forearm.
The ulna is located on the pinky finger side of the forearm.
The olecranon process of the ulna forms the point of the elbow.
The coronoid process of the ulna helps to stabilize the elbow joint.
The capitulum of the humerus forms the elbow joint with the head of the radius.

Carpal Bones

Eight carpal bones, arranged in two rows of four, form the wrist.
The proximal row consists of the scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform.
The distal row consists of the trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate.

Metacarpals

Five metacarpals form the palm of the hand.
They are numbered I (thumb) to V (pinky finger).

Axial Skeleton

The axial skeleton protects vital organs such as the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs.
It includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.

Appendicular Skeleton

The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the limbs and their girdles (shoulder and pelvic).

Pelvic (Hip) Girdle

The pelvic girdle connects the lower limbs to the axial skeleton.
It consists of two hip bones, also called coxal or os coxae, which are formed from the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
The hip bones articulate anteriorly at the pubic symphysis.
The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone.

Lower Limb

The lower limb includes the femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones, metatarsal bones, and phalanges.

Tarsal Bones

Seven tarsal bones make up the ankle and foot:
- Talus
- Calcaneus
- Navicular
- Three Cuneiforms
- Cuboid

Metatarsal Bones

Five metatarsals form the sole and dorsal surface of the foot.
They are numbered I (big toe) to V (little toe).

Synovial Joints

Synovial joints are characterized by the presence of a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid.
Articular cartilage covers the surfaces of the bones within the joint.
The joint capsule encloses the joint and retains the synovial fluid.
Accessory structures, such as ligaments, tendons, bursae, and tendon sheaths, support and enhance joint function.
Synovial fluid lubricates the joint and reduces friction during movement.

Types of Synovial Joints

Ball-and-socket joints permit multiaxial movement (shoulder and hip).
Condylar (ellipsoid) joints allow biaxial movement (radiocarpal, metacarpophalangeal).
Saddle joints are biaxial and resemble a saddle (trapeziometacarpal).
Plane (gliding) joints allow biaxial movement with bones sliding over each other (carpal and tarsal bones).
Hinge joints limit movement to one plane (elbow, knee, toes).
Pivot joints permit one axis of rotation (C1 and C2 vertebrae, radioulnar).

Joint Movements

Flexion is a movement that decreases the angle between bones.
Extension is a movement that increases the angle between bones.
Abduction moves a limb away from the midline of the body.
Adduction moves a limb towards the midline of the body.
Circumduction is a rotational movement that involves flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.
Rotation involves turning a bone around its longitudinal axis.
Pronation rotates the forearm so the palm faces posteriorly.
Supination rotates the forearm so the palm faces anteriorly.
Inversion turns the sole of the foot inwards.
Eversion turns the sole of the foot outwards.
Dorsiflexion bends the foot upwards, towards the shin.
Plantarflexion bends the foot downwards, towards the ground.

Zero Position

The zero position is the anatomical position, where the body is standing erect with arms at the sides and palms facing forward, and feet together.
Joint movement is described relative to the zero position.

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Description

Explore the essential functions and structures of bone tissue in this quiz. Delve into the intricacies of bone formation, types of bone tissue, and their crucial roles in the human body. Test your knowledge on how bones provide support, protection, and mineral storage.