Introduction To Functional Programming In Scala

A sequence of instructions that change the state of a system.

A set of functions and expressions that rely on pure functions without changing the system's state.

A function's output depends solely on its input parameters and doesn't modify the system's state. The function's behavior is predictable and independent of external factors.

A language that supports multiple programming paradigms, including imperative, functional, and object-oriented.

The process of translating code into machine-readable instructions before execution.

Specifying the data type of a variable explicitly during the compilation process, ensuring data consistency and type safety.

A declaration that assigns a constant, immutable value to a variable.

A declaration that assigns a variable that can be reassigned with different values.

An immutable sequence of characters. Each character is of type Char. Strings are enclosed in double quotes. We can access the i-th element of a string using text(i).

A data type representing whole numbers, both positive and negative. They are immutable and have a fixed size. For example: 1, 0, -5

Immutable sequences holding values of different types, accessible by index. They are similar to arrays but can hold a mix of data types.

A method or function designed to assign a value to a variable.

Used to access specific elements within data structures like strings and tuples. An integer within parentheses indicates the element's position, starting from zero.

In Scala, each if/else statement has a return value, which is the last expression in the block. This allows for functional programming, where functions are treated as values and can be composed.

Scala's while loops are purely imperative, meaning they follow a step-by-step execution order, much like in Python. However, they are not recommended in functional programming, where side effects are generally avoided.

Scala's for loops are also imperative and not suggested in functional programming. They execute a sequence of commands step by step, like in Python.

In Scala, types are fixed during compilation. This means the compiler determines the type of an expression beforehand, ensuring type safety.

Scala requires explicit type declarations for function parameters and return values. This helps maintain code clarity and facilitates type checking.

While type declarations are optional for variables and values, it is strongly encouraged to use them to improve code readability and maintainability. Explicitly stating the type makes the code more understandable.

Scala's Boolean type represents logical truth values, either true or false. It supports standard logical operations like AND (&&), OR (||), and NOT (!). Notably, Scala's logical operations are lazy, meaning they only evaluate expressions as needed to determine the overall result.

Scala's Byte data type stores small integer values within the range of -128 to 127 (inclusive). It uses the Two's complement representation, a common method for storing negative numbers.

Scala's Short data type stores integer values within the range of -32,768 to 32,767 (inclusive). It also uses the Two's complement representation.

Scala's Int data type stores integer values within a wider range, from - 2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 (inclusive). It also uses the Two's complement representation.

Scala's Long data type stores extremely large integer values, ranging from -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807 (inclusive). It also employs the Two's complement representation.

Scala's Float data type represents floating-point numbers using 32 bits of memory. It adheres to the IEEE-754 standard, a common format for representing real numbers.

Scala's Double data type represents floating-point numbers with 64 bits of memory. It also follows the IEEE-754 standard, offering more precision than Float.

Scala's Char data type represents individual Unicode characters, ranging from 0 to 2^16 (inclusive). It can store characters like 'a', '4', or 'T'.

Scala's Unit data type acts as a placeholder, signifying the absence of a meaningful type. It is similar to Python's NoneType, indicating the lack of a return value.