Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the GI tract?
What is the primary function of the GI tract?
- To absorb nutrients only
- To regulate blood pressure
- To eliminate undigested material and metabolic waste (correct)
- To produce hormones
What role do sensory receptors play in the nervous system?
What role do sensory receptors play in the nervous system?
- They detect the state of the body and surroundings (correct)
- They generate motor output directly
- They produce hormones
- They transmit signals to the endocrine system
Which system is responsible for distinguishing its own cells from foreign substances?
Which system is responsible for distinguishing its own cells from foreign substances?
- Digestive system
- Endocrine system
- Nervous system
- Immune system (correct)
Which type of feedback mechanism is initiated when a factor in the body is abnormal?
Which type of feedback mechanism is initiated when a factor in the body is abnormal?
What is a characteristic feature of positive feedback mechanisms?
What is a characteristic feature of positive feedback mechanisms?
What stimulates the release of insulin by the pancreas?
What stimulates the release of insulin by the pancreas?
Which structure helps regulate temperature and protect deeper tissues in the body?
Which structure helps regulate temperature and protect deeper tissues in the body?
An example of positive feedback in the human body is seen in which process?
An example of positive feedback in the human body is seen in which process?
What is homeostasis primarily concerned with?
What is homeostasis primarily concerned with?
Which of the following substances is primarily transported in large amounts in extracellular fluid?
Which of the following substances is primarily transported in large amounts in extracellular fluid?
What process ensures that most cells are within 50 micrometers of a capillary?
What process ensures that most cells are within 50 micrometers of a capillary?
What does the liver primarily do with substances absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract that are unusable?
What does the liver primarily do with substances absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract that are unusable?
What is the thickest part of the pulmonary capillary membrane responsible for gas exchange?
What is the thickest part of the pulmonary capillary membrane responsible for gas exchange?
Which organ is primarily involved in detoxification and removal of harmful substances?
Which organ is primarily involved in detoxification and removal of harmful substances?
What is one role of the kidneys in relation to plasma?
What is one role of the kidneys in relation to plasma?
During blood circulation, where does blood pick up oxygen?
During blood circulation, where does blood pick up oxygen?
Flashcards
Homeostasis
Homeostasis
The maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal environment.
Disease
Disease
A state of disrupted homeostasis.
Intracellular Fluid
Intracellular Fluid
Fluid within the cells, rich in potassium, magnesium, and phosphate.
Extracellular Fluid
Extracellular Fluid
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Stage 1 of Extracellular Fluid Transport
Stage 1 of Extracellular Fluid Transport
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Stage 2 of Extracellular Fluid Transport
Stage 2 of Extracellular Fluid Transport
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Oxygen Absorption
Oxygen Absorption
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Nutrient Absorption
Nutrient Absorption
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Sensory, Central, and Motor Output
Sensory, Central, and Motor Output
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Endocrine System
Endocrine System
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Immune System
Immune System
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Negative Feedback
Negative Feedback
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Positive Feedback
Positive Feedback
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Blood Pressure Regulation
Blood Pressure Regulation
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Oxygen and CO2 Regulation
Oxygen and CO2 Regulation
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Blood Clotting Cascade
Blood Clotting Cascade
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Study Notes
Functional Organization of the Human Body
- Homeostasis: Maintenance of stable internal conditions. Disease disrupts homeostasis.
- Physiology: Explains how physiological processes are altered in disease and injury.
- Extracellular Fluid: Contains sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, nutrients (oxygen, glucose, fatty acids, amino acids).
- Intracellular Fluid: Contains potassium, magnesium, phosphate.
- Fluid Transport: Blood transport (stage one), capillary-interstitial exchange (stage two). Cells are within 50 micrometers of capillaries for rapid substance diffusion.
- Lung Exchange: Blood picks up oxygen in the alveoli. Alveolar-capillary membrane is thin (0.4-2 micrometers).
- Gastrointestinal Tract Exchange: Blood absorbs carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids. Liver, fat cells, GI mucosa, kidneys, and endocrine glands process unusable substances.
- Liver Functions: Detoxification, waste removal, drug elimination into bile, and converting substances into usable forms.
- Kidneys Functions: Remove waste products not needed by cells, filtering plasma, and reabsorbing needed substances.
- Lungs: Remove carbon dioxide (CO2), the most abundant metabolic product.
Systems of the Body
- Nervous System:
- Sensory receptors detect
- Central nervous system (brain) stores information, makes decisions, and generates reactions.
- Motor output transmits signals.
- Endocrine System:
- Secretes hormones that regulate cellular functions (e.g., insulin controls glucose metabolism).
- Immune System:
- White blood cells, thymus, lymph nodes, and vessels defend against foreign substances.
- Integumentary System:
- Skin, hair, nails, and glands protect and regulate temperature.
- Reproductive System:
- Maintains homeostasis by generating new life.
Control Systems
- Control Systems: Genetic regulation within cells, internal organ control, and inter-organ control. Examples are oxygen/CO2 regulation and blood pressure regulation.
- Negative Feedback: A change in a factor triggers a response to restore normal conditions. Example: elevated CO2 stimulates the respiratory center, influencing the kidneys.
- Positive Feedback: The initial stimulus triggers more of the same response. Example: blood clotting cascade, uterine contractions during childbirth.
- Positive Feedback Dangers: Can lead to instability. Can be harmful if not controlled, as with extreme blood loss (two liters).
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