1.1 Functional Organization of the Human Body
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the GI tract?

  • To absorb nutrients only
  • To regulate blood pressure
  • To eliminate undigested material and metabolic waste (correct)
  • To produce hormones

    • What role do sensory receptors play in the nervous system?

  • They detect the state of the body and surroundings (correct)
  • They generate motor output directly
  • They produce hormones
  • They transmit signals to the endocrine system

    • Which system is responsible for distinguishing its own cells from foreign substances?

  • Digestive system
  • Endocrine system
  • Nervous system
  • Immune system (correct)

    • Which type of feedback mechanism is initiated when a factor in the body is abnormal?

    <p>Negative feedback mechanism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of positive feedback mechanisms?

    <p>They often create a vicious cycle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the release of insulin by the pancreas?

    <p>Elevated glucose levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure helps regulate temperature and protect deeper tissues in the body?

    <p>Intake system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An example of positive feedback in the human body is seen in which process?

    <p>Blood clotting cascade (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is homeostasis primarily concerned with?

    <p>Maintaining nearly constant conditions in the internal environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is primarily transported in large amounts in extracellular fluid?

    <p>Sodium chloride (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process ensures that most cells are within 50 micrometers of a capillary?

    <p>Continuous exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the liver primarily do with substances absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract that are unusable?

    <p>Converts them into usable forms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the thickest part of the pulmonary capillary membrane responsible for gas exchange?

    <p>0.4 to 2 micrometers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is primarily involved in detoxification and removal of harmful substances?

    <p>Liver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one role of the kidneys in relation to plasma?

    <p>Filtering and reabsorbing needed substances (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During blood circulation, where does blood pick up oxygen?

    <p>In the alveoli of the lungs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Homeostasis

    The maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal environment.

    Disease

    A state of disrupted homeostasis.

    Intracellular Fluid

    Fluid within the cells, rich in potassium, magnesium, and phosphate.

    Extracellular Fluid

    Fluid outside the cells, high in sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate ions.

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    Stage 1 of Extracellular Fluid Transport

    The movement of blood through blood vessels

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    Stage 2 of Extracellular Fluid Transport

    Movement of fluid from capillaries to the spaces between cells.

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    Oxygen Absorption

    The process where the blood picks up oxygen in the lungs.

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    Nutrient Absorption

    The process where the blood picks up nutrients from the digestive system.

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    Sensory, Central, and Motor Output

    The nervous system's role in processing and responding to sensory information, involving the detection, processing, and responding to stimuli both internal and external to the body.

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    Endocrine System

    A system composed of glands and tissues that secrete hormones, which are chemical messengers that regulate various bodily functions.

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    Immune System

    A complex system that defends the body against pathogens and foreign substances, with white blood cells, the thymus, lymph nodes, and lymph vessels playing key roles.

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    Negative Feedback

    A type of feedback mechanism where a change in the body triggers a response that counteracts the initial change, ultimately restoring balance.

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    Positive Feedback

    A type of feedback mechanism where a change in the body triggers a response that amplifies the initial change, often leading to instability.

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    Blood Pressure Regulation

    The process of regulating blood pressure, ensuring blood flow throughout the body remains stable.

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    Oxygen and CO2 Regulation

    The process of ensuring the body maintains a suitable oxygen level and eliminates excess carbon dioxide.

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    Blood Clotting Cascade

    A cascade of events triggered by the initial formation of a blood clot, leading to the formation of more clots and ultimately preventing excessive bleeding.

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    Study Notes

    Functional Organization of the Human Body

    • Homeostasis: Maintenance of stable internal conditions. Disease disrupts homeostasis.
    • Physiology: Explains how physiological processes are altered in disease and injury.
    • Extracellular Fluid: Contains sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, nutrients (oxygen, glucose, fatty acids, amino acids).
    • Intracellular Fluid: Contains potassium, magnesium, phosphate.
    • Fluid Transport: Blood transport (stage one), capillary-interstitial exchange (stage two). Cells are within 50 micrometers of capillaries for rapid substance diffusion.
    • Lung Exchange: Blood picks up oxygen in the alveoli. Alveolar-capillary membrane is thin (0.4-2 micrometers).
    • Gastrointestinal Tract Exchange: Blood absorbs carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids. Liver, fat cells, GI mucosa, kidneys, and endocrine glands process unusable substances.
    • Liver Functions: Detoxification, waste removal, drug elimination into bile, and converting substances into usable forms.
    • Kidneys Functions: Remove waste products not needed by cells, filtering plasma, and reabsorbing needed substances.
    • Lungs: Remove carbon dioxide (CO2), the most abundant metabolic product.

    Systems of the Body

    • Nervous System:
      • Sensory receptors detect
      • Central nervous system (brain) stores information, makes decisions, and generates reactions.
      • Motor output transmits signals.
    • Endocrine System:
      • Secretes hormones that regulate cellular functions (e.g., insulin controls glucose metabolism).
    • Immune System:
      • White blood cells, thymus, lymph nodes, and vessels defend against foreign substances.
    • Integumentary System:
      • Skin, hair, nails, and glands protect and regulate temperature.
    • Reproductive System:
      • Maintains homeostasis by generating new life.

    Control Systems

    • Control Systems: Genetic regulation within cells, internal organ control, and inter-organ control. Examples are oxygen/CO2 regulation and blood pressure regulation.
    • Negative Feedback: A change in a factor triggers a response to restore normal conditions. Example: elevated CO2 stimulates the respiratory center, influencing the kidneys.
    • Positive Feedback: The initial stimulus triggers more of the same response. Example: blood clotting cascade, uterine contractions during childbirth.
    • Positive Feedback Dangers: Can lead to instability. Can be harmful if not controlled, as with extreme blood loss (two liters).

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    Description

    Explore the intricate workings of the human body in terms of functional organization. This quiz covers essential topics such as homeostasis, fluid transport systems, and the physiological roles of various organs. Delve into how diseases can disrupt these crucial functions.

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