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Questions and Answers
What is the primary advantage of using anisotropic 3D Full-Waveform Inversion (FWI) in imaging the Tommeliten field, North Sea, OBC?
What is the primary purpose of using wide-angle postcritical arrivals in FWI?
What is the primary limitation of diving waves in seismic data?
What is the primary advantage of using low-frequency seismic surveys in FWI?
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What is the primary role of reflections, refractions, and diving waves in FWI?
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What is the primary application of anisotropic 3D FWI in the Tommeliten field, North Sea, OBC?
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What is the primary advantage of using RTM in FWI?
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What is the primary limitation of using SNR in marine seismic data?
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What is the primary role of cost function optimization in FWI?
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What is the primary advantage of using wave equation formulations in FWI?
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Study Notes
FWI: Development and Challenges
- FWI has improved over time, but it is still an evolving technology that is not yet fully automatic.
- Despite its promises, FWI is still facing challenges and is not widely applied to land data.
- Elastic FWI is an emerging area of research.
- Uncertainty quantification is an important aspect of FWI, as seen in Liu et al.
FWI: Self Learning
- Resources for learning FWI include SEG Wiki, CGG, TGS, and Nature articles.
- Online resources provide detailed information on forward modeling, adjoint modeling, and optimization.
Seismic Profiles and Targets
- Continuous improvement in seismic profiles better delineates offshore targets and creates new drilling opportunities.
- Key faulting at a field level scale shows up in red boxes.
Objective Functions for FWI
- Measuring unknown delays through least squares is a key aspect of FWI.
- Ambiguity in delay estimation is a challenge in FWI.
FWI: Salt Velocity Estimation
- Initial models with and without salt were tested, and the results showed that FWI can estimate salt velocity.
FWI: Valhall, Low Frequencies, and Diving Waves
- Conventional tomography was compared to FWI, and the results showed that FWI performed better.
- FWI was able to image low frequencies and diving waves at Valhall.
FWI Resolution
- The question arises whether FWI resolution is what imaging really needs.
- Don't forget that uncertainty is an important aspect of FWI.
FWI Issues
- Initial velocity models can be a challenge in FWI.
- FWI issues can arise from initial velocity models.
Tommeliten Field, North Sea, OBC
- Warner et al. applied anisotropic 3D FWI to the Tommeliten field, North Sea, OBC.
- The results showed that FWI can image within and beneath the gas cloud.
Diving Waves
- Diving waves are sensitive to the detailed geometry and velocity structure within the gas cloud.
- Diving waves provide a means for FWI to image within and beneath the cloud.
Reflections, Refractions, and Diving Waves
- Kazei et al. discussed the role of reflections, refractions, and diving waves in full-waveform inversion.
Diving Waves: Limited Penetration
- Diving waves have limited penetration, as seen in the graph.
SNR in Marine Data
- Brenders et al. discussed the Wolfspar Field Trial, which showed results from a low-frequency seismic survey designed for FWI.
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Description
Test your knowledge of full-waveform inversion, a method used in seismology to create detailed images of the subsurface. This quiz covers various aspects of FWI, including Kirchhoff migration and cost functions.
