Untitled Quiz

The process of communication between cells, coordinated by chemical signals, for growth, differentiation, and metabolism.

The conversion of an external signal into a cellular response, relayed from outside the cell to inside the cell.

A signaling molecule, a chemical messenger.

Long-distance cell signaling using hormones, typically transported through the bloodstream.

Short-distance cell signaling between neighboring cells using chemical signals.

Cell signaling where a cell signals itself, for example, regulating its own proliferation.

Cell signaling using neurotransmitters released between nerve cells across a synapse.

The process of stopping a cell signaling pathway.

The process by which cells communicate with each other and respond to external stimuli.

Molecules that carry information between cells.

The first step in cell signaling: detecting the signal molecule.

A receptor protein located on the cell membrane, receiving external signaling molecules.

A receptor protein located inside the cell, receiving signaling molecules that can cross the cell membrane.

The process of converting the signal into a form that can cause a cellular response.

The final outcome of successful cell signaling, such as changes in enzyme activity or gene expression.

A hormone involved in the fight-or-flight response, triggering various cellular responses.

A receptor protein located inside the cell, receiving signaling molecules that can pass through the cell membrane.

Signaling pathway where steroid hormones diffuse through cell membranes and bind to intracellular receptors.

The conversion of a signal from outside the cell to a cellular response inside the cell.

The cell's activity in response to a signal, such as glycogen breakdown by an enzyme.

A signaling molecule, often a hormone, that binds to a receptor.

The process of a cell detecting a signal molecule.

Cellular response example: Breaking down glycogen by the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase.

The hormone-receptor complex, formed from a steroid hormone binding to an intracellular receptor, enters the nucleus and interacts directly with DNA to regulate gene activity.

Membrane protein working with G proteins & other proteins (often enzymes), detecting signals like light, smell, hormones, and neurotransmitters.

Stimulatory G protein, activating effector enzymes within the cell.

Inhibitory G protein, suppressing effector enzymes within the cell.

Membrane receptor, with intracellular enzyme (tyrosine kinase) that phosphorylates tyrosine molecules in a protein.

Signaling molecule attaching to a receptor, initiating cellular response.

Molecule produced from activated enzyme (e.g., adenylyl cyclase), determining cell's response.

Process translating an extracellular signal into a cellular response.

Two receptor proteins pairing up after ligand binding, activating kinase activity within the cell.

Membrane protein that opens when a ligand binds, allowing ions to flow into the cell.

Receptor located inside the cell, receiving signals that cross the cell membrane. Used by lipid-soluble messengers.

Conversion of a signal into a cellular response, often involving a series of steps.

A series of linked reactions that amplify and direct a signal, passed along by molecules.

Enzyme that adds phosphate groups to other proteins, often part of signal transduction.

Each step in a signal transduction pathway increases the amount of activated molecules, leading to a larger response.

A cell's reaction to a signal depends on the signal strength, receptor types, relay molecules, and proteins needed for the response.

A single cellular response can be triggered by several different signal transduction pathways.

A genetic condition caused by a mutation in the androgen receptor gene, leading to the inability of target tissues to respond to androgens.

A mutation in the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) receptor gene prevents proper ovarian development.