Questions and Answers
What is the same species of yeast used in the making of wine, beer, distilled spirits, and bread?
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae
What is the current per capita wine consumption in the US?
15 bottles per year (2.9 gal)
What percentage of the market do the four biggest US wine companies have?
75%
What are the three tiers in the 'three tier' wine market system?
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Name some native American grape varieties.
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What are the main components of red wine that provide color and taste?
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What percentage of wine produced in the US comes from California grapes?
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Name the world's largest wine-producing countries.
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What is the impact of California's wine industry on the US economy?
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What comprises a wine's terroir?
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What is the order of processing steps in traditional red wine production?
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What are the two main techniques to extract color during red wine production?
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What is the most important consideration for successful wine grape growing?
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What grape disease is most relevant for winegrowers in Indiana?
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Where in the grape berry are color pigments found in red wines?
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What are essential steps in the wine processing after fermentation?
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Why is sulfur dioxide added to juice and wine?
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Which states are the most important grape-producing states in the US?
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After 6,000 years, what possible wine residue can be found by archeologists?
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When was national alcohol prohibition in the U.S. repealed?
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What is the federal agency that regulates US wine production and sales?
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What does the 'French Paradox' involve?
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How many calories does a 5 oz glass of dry red wine contain?
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What do the USDA's Dietary Guidelines for Americans define as moderate daily wine consumption?
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How many 5 oz glasses of wine should a 250-lb defensive end never drink before driving?
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What must every wine bottle sold in the US bear a government warning label about?
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What are the chances of dying from heart disease vs. breast cancer?
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What amount of wine is advised as safe to consume during pregnancy according to the American Academy of Pediatrics?
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Consumer preferences for wine may be related to what factors?
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How many wineries are there in Indiana today?
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Who is considered the 'father' of the Indiana wine industry?
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What enabled the modern Indiana wine industry?
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What is Indiana's signature grape variety and wine?
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What are good grape varieties to make Rosé wines from in Indiana?
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What is Indiana's largest food and wine festival?
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What is the economic impact of the Indiana wine industry?
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What is the most popular and profitable summer wine style in Indiana?
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What percentage of wine consumers prefer slightly sweet wines?
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What events have caused the biggest growth in the winery tour business?
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What signified the 2018 growing season in Germany?
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What fungus is critical for German late-harvest wines known as Trockenbeerenauslesen?
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What are two of the best-known winegrowing regions in Germany?
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What are the ripeness designators classified as 'Pradikate' in German QmP wines?
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Why is grape growing successful in Germany despite its northerly climate?
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What do the units Brix and Oechsle express?
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What are the most important white and red grape varieties cultivated in Germany?
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What aromas would we expect from Alsatian Gewurztraminer?
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Why is the German Riesling low in alcohol?
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How was the wine in the bottle likely aged: (Carl Graff, Mosel Riesling 2015)?
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What is the name of the process to rapidly extract red color pigments from grapes?
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What unique grape variety is used for the great wines of Rioja and Ribera del Duero?
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How are Sherry and Port classified?
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How is fermentation arrested in Port wine production?
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What results from the Solera system in sherry production?
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What grapevine training system is most suitable for rainy climates?
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What appellation is located in the relatively rainy 'green' part of Spain?
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Which two Spanish appellations have the highest classification (DOCa)?
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What is the name of the stone trough where Port wine grapes are crushed?
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When is harvest time in Argentina?
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When did wine grapes first begin to be grown in Chile?
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What is the percentage of red and white wine produced in Italy?
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Study Notes
Yeast and Wine Production
- Saccharomyces Cerevisiae is the yeast species used in wine, beer, distilled spirits, and bread production.
Wine Consumption in the US
- Current per capita wine consumption in the United States is approximately 15 bottles per year (2.9 gallons).
- Four largest wine companies in the US control 75% of the market share.
Wine Market Structure
- The "three tier" system includes wineries, wholesalers, and retailers.
Native Grape Varieties
- American native grape varieties include Niagara, Catawba, and Concord.
- California accounts for about 85% of the US wine production.
Global Wine Production
- Top wine-producing countries in the world are France, Italy, and Spain.
Economic Impact
- The California wine industry contributes $114 billion to the US economy.
- The Indiana wine industry impacts the economy by approximately $600 million.
Wine Components and Production
- Red wine color and taste come primarily from polyphenols and acids.
- Traditional red wine production steps: destem/crush, ferment, press.
- Essential post-fermentation steps include aging, filtering, and bottling.
Terroir and Grape Diseases
- Terroir encompasses climate, soil, and local factors affecting wine.
- Black Rot is a significant grape disease for Indiana winemakers.
Wine Regulations and Health Guidelines
- The Tax and Trade Bureau regulates wine production and sales in the US.
- Moderate daily wine consumption is defined as no more than two 5 oz. glasses for men and one for women.
- The American Academy of Pediatrics advises against any wine consumption during pregnancy.
Consumer Preferences and Industry Growth
- About 60% of wine consumers prefer slightly sweet wines.
- Bachelorette parties are a significant driver of winery tour business growth.
Wine Regions and Appellations
- Major winegrowing regions in California: North Coast, Central Valley, South Coast, Sierra Foothills, Central Coast.
- In 2018, there were 242 AVAs (American Viticultural Areas) distinguished by unique geography.
Burgundy and Champagne Regions
- Burgundy's top grape varieties are Pinot Noir and Chardonnay; prominent regions include Cote d'Or and Chablis.
- Champagne uses a system categorizing dryness/sweetness and employs bottling for secondary fermentation.
German Wine Classification
- German QmP wines classified by ripeness designators "Pradikate" such as Kabinett, Spatlese, and Auslese.
- Riesling and Spatburgunder (Pinot Noir) are the most important grape varieties in Germany.
Fortified Wines and Other Regions
- Sherry and Port are known as fortified wines, with Port production involving high-proof brandy.
- Wine grapes have been grown in Chile since the 1550s, and Argentina's harvest occurs from late February to March.
Miscellaneous Facts
- Tartaric acid is a wine residue found by archeologists after 6,000 years.
- In Indiana, John James Dufour is known as the "father" of the local wine industry.
- Most Indiana wineries flourish under the Indiana Small Winery Act of 1971.
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Test your knowledge on wine appreciation with these flashcards from FS 470. Learn about yeast used in winemaking, current U.S. wine consumption, and major market players. Perfect for students and wine enthusiasts alike.