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Questions and Answers
According to Mayberg's hypothesis, the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) located beneath the genu of the corpus callosum is a pivotal area in the regulation of mood.
According to Mayberg's hypothesis, the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) located beneath the genu of the corpus callosum is a pivotal area in the regulation of mood.
True (A)
Increased activity in the subgenual ACC is consistently observed after successful antidepressant treatment.
Increased activity in the subgenual ACC is consistently observed after successful antidepressant treatment.
False (B)
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) has been shown to alleviate depressive symptoms.
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) has been shown to alleviate depressive symptoms.
False (B)
In depressed patients, neuroimaging studies often reveal hypoactivity in the subgenual ACC alongside increased activity in other frontal cortex regions.
In depressed patients, neuroimaging studies often reveal hypoactivity in the subgenual ACC alongside increased activity in other frontal cortex regions.
Effective antidepressant treatments generally decrease the activity of the subgenual ACC while increasing the activity of other frontal cortical areas.
Effective antidepressant treatments generally decrease the activity of the subgenual ACC while increasing the activity of other frontal cortical areas.
Functional imaging scans of patients receiving DBS of the subgenual ACC shows decreasing activity over time as symptoms improve.
Functional imaging scans of patients receiving DBS of the subgenual ACC shows decreasing activity over time as symptoms improve.
Successful treatments such as TMS, ECT and VNS lead to increased activity in the subgenual ACC.
Successful treatments such as TMS, ECT and VNS lead to increased activity in the subgenual ACC.
The subgenual ACC connects with the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus, but not with the amygdala.
The subgenual ACC connects with the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus, but not with the amygdala.
The prefrontal cortex inhibits the amygdala which affects negative emotions. Decreasing subgenual ACC activity, therefore, might reduce amygdala activity via connections either directly or through the PFC.
The prefrontal cortex inhibits the amygdala which affects negative emotions. Decreasing subgenual ACC activity, therefore, might reduce amygdala activity via connections either directly or through the PFC.
Mayberg's hypothesis suggests that the hyperactivity of the amygdala directly causes deactivation of the subgenual ACC, leading to depressive symptoms.
Mayberg's hypothesis suggests that the hyperactivity of the amygdala directly causes deactivation of the subgenual ACC, leading to depressive symptoms.
Flashcards
Subgenual ACC in Depression
Subgenual ACC in Depression
The subgenual ACC is a key area in a network regulating mood, where decreased activity is linked to successful antidepressant treatment.
Brain Activity in Depressed Patients
Brain Activity in Depressed Patients
Hyperactivity in the subgenual ACC and decreased activity in areas like the dorsolateral PFC, ventrolateral PFC and orbitofrontal cortex.
Impact of Antidepressant Treatment
Impact of Antidepressant Treatment
Successful antidepressant treatments reliably decrease activity in the subgenual ACC and increase activity in other frontal cortex regions.
Treatment Outcome
Treatment Outcome
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Prefrontal Cortex and Amygdala
Prefrontal Cortex and Amygdala
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Study Notes
Frontal Cortex Role in Depression
- The frontal cortex has a critical role in the development of depression
- According to Mayberg et al, the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is a key point in a network of brain regions regulating mood
- A decrease in subgenual ACC activity is consistently observed after successful antidepressant treatment
Subgenual ACC and Antidepressant Treatments
- Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subgenual ACC can provide relief of depressive symptoms
- Neuroimaging studies of depressed patients show hyperactivity in the subgenual ACC
- These studies also show decreased activity in other frontal cortex regions:
- Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC)
- Ventrolateral PFC
- Ventromedial PFC
- Orbitofrontal cortex
- Successful antidepressant treatments reliably decrease activity in the subgenual ACC
- These treatments usually increase activity in other regions of the frontal cortex
Imaging Findings
- Functional imaging scans of patients with treatment-resistant depression before DBS of the subgenual ACC show hyperactivity
- After three and six months of DBS, hyperactivity decreases as symptoms improve
Impact of Various Treatments on Subgenual ACC
- Successful treatments like DBS, TMS, ECT, VNS, SSRIs, SNRIs, and placebos all lead to decreased activity in the subgenual ACC
- The subgenual ACC has reciprocal connections with several regions of the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, and nucleus accumbens
Prefrontal Cortex and Amygdala
- The prefrontal cortex is important in inhibiting the amygdala
- The amygdala is involved in negative emotional responses like fear
- Successful depression treatment decreases subgenual ACC activity
- This may lead to decreased amygdala activity through direct and indirect connections via the prefrontal cortex
- Further research is needed to fully understand the subgenual ACCs role
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