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Questions and Answers
What are the two divisions of the frog's skeletal system?
What are the two divisions of the frog's skeletal system?
Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.
Name the components of the axial skeleton in a frog.
Name the components of the axial skeleton in a frog.
Skull, upper and lower jaws, hyoid apparatus, vertebral column and sternum.
What is the function of the foramen magnum, found in the occipital bone of the frog's skull?
What is the function of the foramen magnum, found in the occipital bone of the frog's skull?
The foramen magnum allows the spinal cord to connect to the brain.
Name two bones that constitute the upper jaw of a frog's skull.
Name two bones that constitute the upper jaw of a frog's skull.
What are the three parts constituting the lower jaw of the frog?
What are the three parts constituting the lower jaw of the frog?
What is the function of the hyoid apparatus in a frog's skeletal system, and name one of its parts?
What is the function of the hyoid apparatus in a frog's skeletal system, and name one of its parts?
How many vertebrae are typically found in the vertebral column of a frog?
How many vertebrae are typically found in the vertebral column of a frog?
Name the first vertebra in the frog's vertebral column and describe its unique characteristic.
Name the first vertebra in the frog's vertebral column and describe its unique characteristic.
What is the general term for the 2nd through 8th vertebrae in the frog, and what is one structural feature of these vertebrae?
What is the general term for the 2nd through 8th vertebrae in the frog, and what is one structural feature of these vertebrae?
Describe the main characteristic of the sacral vertebra and its location in the vertebral column.
Describe the main characteristic of the sacral vertebra and its location in the vertebral column.
What is the urostyle, and from which vertebrae does it originate?
What is the urostyle, and from which vertebrae does it originate?
What bony structure in the frog articulates with the atlas vertebra to allow head movement?
What bony structure in the frog articulates with the atlas vertebra to allow head movement?
Which specific vertebrae lack transverse processes?
Which specific vertebrae lack transverse processes?
What is the main function of the sternum in the frog's skeletal system?
What is the main function of the sternum in the frog's skeletal system?
Name two components of the pectoral girdle in a frog.
Name two components of the pectoral girdle in a frog.
Name the three bones that fuse to form the pelvic girdle (innominate bone) in a frog.
Name the three bones that fuse to form the pelvic girdle (innominate bone) in a frog.
Which component of the pelvic girdle articulates with the femur?
Which component of the pelvic girdle articulates with the femur?
Name the bone found in the upper arm (brachium) of a frog's forelimb.
Name the bone found in the upper arm (brachium) of a frog's forelimb.
What bone is found in the forearm (antebrachium) of a frog?
What bone is found in the forearm (antebrachium) of a frog?
What type of bone is found in a frog's wrist (carpus)?
What type of bone is found in a frog's wrist (carpus)?
Name the bones that make up the palm (manus) of the frog's forelimb.
Name the bones that make up the palm (manus) of the frog's forelimb.
What are the bones that form the digits in a frog's forelimb (manus) and hindlimb (pes) called?
What are the bones that form the digits in a frog's forelimb (manus) and hindlimb (pes) called?
What is the name of the bone located in the thigh (femur) of a frog's hindlimb?
What is the name of the bone located in the thigh (femur) of a frog's hindlimb?
What bone is located in the shank (crus) region of the frog's hindlimb?
What bone is located in the shank (crus) region of the frog's hindlimb?
Name the bones found in the ankle (tarsus) region of a frog's hindlimb.
Name the bones found in the ankle (tarsus) region of a frog's hindlimb.
What bones constitute the instep (pes) of the frog's hindlimb?
What bones constitute the instep (pes) of the frog's hindlimb?
Describe the skeletal adaptation in a frog's forelimb that enhances its ability to absorb impact when landing from a jump.
Describe the skeletal adaptation in a frog's forelimb that enhances its ability to absorb impact when landing from a jump.
Explain how the urostyle contributes to the frog's jumping ability.
Explain how the urostyle contributes to the frog's jumping ability.
How does the presence of the hyoid apparatus contribute to the feeding mechanism of a frog?
How does the presence of the hyoid apparatus contribute to the feeding mechanism of a frog?
Describe the differences in the number of phalanges between the forelimbs and hindlimbs of a frog and relate this to their respective functions.
Describe the differences in the number of phalanges between the forelimbs and hindlimbs of a frog and relate this to their respective functions.
Compare the general structure of the atlas vertebra with that of a typical trunk vertebra in a frog. Focus on the presence or absence of specific features.
Compare the general structure of the atlas vertebra with that of a typical trunk vertebra in a frog. Focus on the presence or absence of specific features.
What features of the sacral vertebrae help it to articulate with the pelvic girdle?
What features of the sacral vertebrae help it to articulate with the pelvic girdle?
How does the presence of a vertebral foramen in the urostyle contribute to its function and overall skeletal structure.
How does the presence of a vertebral foramen in the urostyle contribute to its function and overall skeletal structure.
Explain how the fusion of the radius and ulna into the radio-ulna benefits the frog given its lifestyle and movement patterns.
Explain how the fusion of the radius and ulna into the radio-ulna benefits the frog given its lifestyle and movement patterns.
What is the functional significance of transverse processes found on trunk and sacral vertebrae?
What is the functional significance of transverse processes found on trunk and sacral vertebrae?
How do the concavities on the anterior end of the urostyle assist in articulation with the rest of the vertebral column?
How do the concavities on the anterior end of the urostyle assist in articulation with the rest of the vertebral column?
In what way does the skeletal structure of a frog's pectoral girdle reflect its adaptations to a semi-aquatic lifestyle?
In what way does the skeletal structure of a frog's pectoral girdle reflect its adaptations to a semi-aquatic lifestyle?
Describe how the length and robustness of the ilium in the pelvic girdle contribute to the frog's characteristic jumping motion.
Describe how the length and robustness of the ilium in the pelvic girdle contribute to the frog's characteristic jumping motion.
How does the number of metatarsals in a frog's foot (pes) relate to their ability to distribute weight and generate thrust during swimming and jumping?
How does the number of metatarsals in a frog's foot (pes) relate to their ability to distribute weight and generate thrust during swimming and jumping?
Compare and contrast the function of the vertebral column and the urostyle in the frog's skeletal system.
Compare and contrast the function of the vertebral column and the urostyle in the frog's skeletal system.
Flashcards
Frog Skeletal System Divisions
Frog Skeletal System Divisions
The skeletal system of a frog is divided into the axial and appendicular skeleton.
Axial Skeleton Components
Axial Skeleton Components
The axial skeleton includes the skull, upper and lower jaws, hyoid apparatus, vertebral column, and sternum.
Skull
Skull
The part of the skull that encloses and protects the brain.
Lower Jaw Bones
Lower Jaw Bones
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Hyoid Apparatus Parts
Hyoid Apparatus Parts
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Vertebral/Spinal Column
Vertebral/Spinal Column
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Atlas Vertebra
Atlas Vertebra
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Typical Vertebrae Features
Typical Vertebrae Features
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Intervertebral Foramen
Intervertebral Foramen
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Sacral Vertebra Characteristics
Sacral Vertebra Characteristics
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Urostyle
Urostyle
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Urostyle Missing Features
Urostyle Missing Features
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Sternum Components
Sternum Components
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Appendicular Skeleton Parts
Appendicular Skeleton Parts
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Pectoral Girdle Bones
Pectoral Girdle Bones
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Pelvic Girdle Bones
Pelvic Girdle Bones
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Upper Arm Bone
Upper Arm Bone
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Forearm Bones
Forearm Bones
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Wrist Bones
Wrist Bones
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Palm Bones
Palm Bones
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Finger/Toe Bones
Finger/Toe Bones
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Thigh Bone
Thigh Bone
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Shank Bones
Shank Bones
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Ankle Bones
Ankle Bones
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Instep Bones
Instep Bones
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Study Notes
- The skeletal system of the frog is covered in module 6.
Divisions
- The frog skeleton has two main divisions: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.
- The axial skeleton consists of the skull, upper and lower jaws, hyoid apparatus, vertebral column, and sternum.
- The appendicular skeleton consists of the girdles, pectoral and pelvic, and the appendages/limbs, forelimb and hindlimb.
Axial Skeleton
- The skull includes premaxillae, maxilla, vomer, nasal, sphenethmoid, fronto-parietal, pterygoid, prootic, exoccipital, foramen magnum, occipital condyle, auditory capsule, palatine, parasphenoid, squamosal, quadrato-jugal, internal nare, foramens for nerves.
- The lower jaw contains the mento-meckelian, dentary, and angulo-splenial.
- The hyoid apparatus includes the anterior cornu/a, alary process, body of the hyoid, thyroid process, and posterior cornu/a.
- The vertebral/spinal column replaces the notochord.
- The column has 10 vertebrae.
Vertebral Column
- The 1st vertebra is called the atlas, in the cervical location.
- The 2nd to 8th vertebrae are trunk vertebrae, in the thoracic-lumbar region.
- The 9th vertebra is the sacral vertebra, in the sacral region.
- The 10th vertebra is the urostyle, in the coccyx region.
- The 1st, 9th, and 10th vertebrae are atypical.
- The 2nd-8th vertebrae are typical.
Atlas
- Atlas possesses a centrum or body and a concavity for articulation of the occipital condyle.
- It has a vertebral foramen, a neural spine, and a neural arch.
- It lacks transverse processes, but has post-zygapophysis
Typical Vertebrae
- Typical vertebrae possess a centrum or body and a neural arch.
- They also have a vertebral foramen/neural canal and a neural spine.
- It exhibits a transverse process and zygapophyses
- It contains pre-zygapophysis and post-zygapophysis.
Sacral Vertebra
- The sacral vertebra has a prominence of centrum, a vertebral foramen and a neural arch.
- It has a transverse process and prezygapophysis.
- Sacral Vertebra lacks postzygapophysis
Urostyle
- It has concavities for articulation of the sacral vertebra.
- It also has a vertebral foramen, a centrum, and a keel or carina.
- Urostyle lacks zygapophyses and transverse processes.
- Other parts: present are concavities for articulation with occipital condyle, centrum, neural arch, neural spine, neural canal, and postzygapophyses.
- Absent parts: transverse processes and prezygapophyses.
- Centrum, neural arch, neural spine, neural canal, transverse processes, prezygapophyses & postzygapophyses are present in trunk vertebrae.
- Neural arch, neural spine, neural canal, transverse processes, and prezygapophyses are present in sacral vertebrae.
- The urostyle has an anterior centrum biconcave, neural arch, neural spine, neural canal, keel or carina, but lacks zygapophyses and transverse processes.
Axial Skeleton: Sternum
- The axial skeleton: sternum consists of episternum, omosternum, clavicle, scapula, glenoid fossa, procoracoid, mesosternum, and xiphisternum.
Appendicular Skeleton
- The appendicular skeleton contains: girdles which are pectoral and pelvic and appendages/limbs which are forelimb and hindlimb
Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral Girdle
- Is made up of clavicle, scapula, glenoid fossa, coracoid, epicoracoid, and fenestra.
Appendicular Skeleton
- The pelvic girdle/innominate bone includes the ilium, pubis (pubic symphysis), ischium (ischiac symphysis), and acetabulum.
Appendicular Skeleton Segments
- The anterior limb: The upper arm (brachium) contains the humorous
- The forearm (antebrachium) contains the radio-ulna
- The Wrist (carpus) contains the carpals
- The palm (metacarpus) manus contains the metacarpals
- The digits contain the phalanges
- The posterior limb: The thigh (femur) contains the femur
- The shank (crus) contains the tibio-fibula
- The angle (tarsus) contains the tarsals
- The instep (metatarsus) PES contains the metatarsals
- The digits contains the phalanges
Bones of the Limbs
- Forelimb: there is 1 humerus bone, 1 radio-ulna bone, 2 rows of 6 carpals bones, 4 metacarpals bones, 2 phalanges bones
- Hindlimb: there is 1 femur bone, 1 tibio-fibula bone, 2 rows of 5 tarsals bones, 5 metatarsals bones, 22343 phalanges
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