Morphology and Anatomy of Frog
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the nictitating membrane in frogs?

  • To amplify croaking sounds
  • For eye protection and underwater vision (correct)
  • To assist in jumping
  • For gas exchange

The tympanic membrane is used for both hearing and protection in frogs.

False (B)

What structures are used by male frogs to amplify their croaking sounds?

Vocal sacs

The _____ membrane covers the circular patch behind each eye and is used for hearing.

<p>tympanic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of a frog's body aids in efficient swimming?

<p>Hind limb digits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following anatomical features of frogs with their functions:

<p>Nictitating membrane = Eye protection and underwater vision Tympanic membrane = Hearing Vocal sacs = Amplifying croaking sounds Cloacal aperture = Discharging waste and reproductive products</p> Signup and view all the answers

The frog's alimentary canal opens into the buccopharyngeal cavity, which leads into the _____ for further digestion.

<p>esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two parts into which the body cavity (coelom) of a frog is divided?

<p>Pericardial coelom and abdominal coelom</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of teeth are present in the frog's upper jaw?

<p>Homodont (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Frogs possess vomerine teeth to help in trapping their prey.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cardiac sphincter in a frog's stomach?

<p>Prevents backflow of food from the esophagus to the cardiac region of the stomach.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The longest part of the alimentary canal is the ______.

<p>small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the digestive organs with their functions:

<p>Liver = Secretes bile Gallbladder = Stores and concentrates bile Rectum = Stores fecal matter Small Intestine = Absorption of nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the frog's stomach is located at the posterior region?

<p>Pyloric region (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The bile duct joins with the pancreatic duct and opens into the ileum.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the structure of the frog's tongue.

<p>It is bifid (forked) and free, attached to the floor of the mouth in front.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the truncus arteriosus is muscular?

<p>Conus arteriosus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The peripheral nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What separates the conus arteriosus and the synangium?

<p>Three semilunar valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the septa in the lungs?

<p>To divide the lung into small cavities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The right auricle of a frog's heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The space between the meninges and the brain is filled with __________.

<p>cerebrospinal fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following structures with their respective parts of the nervous system:

<p>Cerebrum = Central Nervous System Spinal nerves = Peripheral Nervous System Sympathetic nerves = Autonomic Nervous System Cerebellum = Central Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three chambers of a frog's heart?

<p>Two auricles and one ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the aortic trunks given rise by the synangium?

<p>Coronary arch (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The buccal cavity is lowered by the ______ muscles during expiration.

<p>sternohyal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following parts of the frog's heart to their functions:

<p>Right Auricle = Receives blood from the body Left Auricle = Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs Ventricle = Pumps blood to the body Sinu-auricular Aperture = Opens from the sinus venosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

The dura mater is the inner layer of membranes that protect the brain.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two layers of membranes that protect the brain?

<p>Dura mater and pia-arachnoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the frog's pulmonary circulation is TRUE?

<p>The right auricle receives blood from the sinus venosus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lungs contract during the expiration process.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The inner walls of the ventricle are folded into structures called ______.

<p>columnar carnae</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the brain is responsible for controlling voluntary activities?

<p>Cerebral hemispheres (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The medulla oblongata is involved in regulating voluntary activities such as movement.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the brain contains the pineal body and the pituitary body?

<p>Forebrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ____ controls and coordinates muscular movements.

<p>cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following parts of the brain with their functions:

<p>Olfactory lobes = Control sense of smell Optic lobes = Control vision Cerebellum = Controls muscular movements Medulla oblongata = Regulates involuntary activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the lateral ventricles open into through the Foramen of Monro?

<p>Diocoel (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The optic chiasma is where the optic nerves cross, located on the dorsal side of the diencephalon.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fluid fills the hollow cavities of the brain?

<p>Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the brain is responsible for controlling the sense of smell?

<p>Olfactory lobes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cerebellum is responsible for the regulation of metabolism.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do you call the sacs that are used by male frogs for vocalization?

<p>vocal sacs</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary function of the male reproductive system in frogs is the production of __________.

<p>sperms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following brain structures with their functions:

<p>Optic lobes = Control sense of vision Cerebellum = Controls muscular movements Medulla oblongata = Regulates involuntary activities Diencephalon = Transfers impulses to cerebral hemispheres</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following features is NOT associated with male frogs?

<p>Large body size (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Spermatophores are produced in the interstitial cells of the seminiferous tubules.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The duct that transports spermatophores into the urinary system is known as the __________ canal.

<p>Bidder's</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Nictitating membrane

A transparent fold on the upper eyelid that helps protect the eye and improves underwater vision.

Tympanic membrane

A circular patch behind each eye that covers the ear and is used for hearing.

Vocal sacs

Bluish, wrinkled patches on a male frog's throat that amplify croaking sounds.

Forelimbs

The front limbs of a frog, consisting of an upper arm, forearm, and hand with four fingers.

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Hind limbs

The back limbs of a frog, consisting of an upper thigh, middle shank, and lower foot with five toes.

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Amplexus pad

A pad on the undersurface of the first finger of a male frog's forelimbs, used to hold the female during mating.

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Webbed feet

Webbed feet help frogs swim efficiently in water.

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Cloacal aperture

The opening at the end of the trunk between the hind legs, where waste and reproductive products are discharged.

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Frog Teeth

Teeth found only on the upper jaw of a frog, with the lower jaw being toothless. They are arranged in a single row and are replaced throughout the frog's life.

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Vomerine Teeth

Two backwardly directed teeth located on the roof of the frog's mouth. They help prevent prey from escaping.

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Frog Tongue

The tongue is attached to the front of the mouth, allowing it to shoot out quickly to capture prey. It's forked at the end to help secure the prey.

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Esophagus

A short tube connecting the mouth to the stomach, responsible for transporting food.

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Frog Stomach

The stomach is a sac-like organ divided into two regions: the cardiac region (anterior) and the pyloric region (posterior). It mixes and breaks down food with the help of digestive enzymes.

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Cardiac Sphincter

A muscular ring that controls the opening from the esophagus to the stomach, preventing food from flowing back up.

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Pyloric Sphincter

A muscular ring that controls the opening from the stomach to the duodenum, helping regulate the flow of partially digested food.

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Small Intestine

The longest part of the digestive system, divided into two sections: the duodenum and the ileum. It is responsible for further digestion and absorption of nutrients.

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Septa

These thin walls divide the lungs into tiny air sacs called alveoli, which are highly vascular to facilitate efficient gas exchange.

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Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves.

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Inspiration

The process of taking air into the lungs. In frogs, this involves raising the floor of the buccal cavity and forcing air through the glottis.

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Expiration

The process of expelling air from the lungs. In frogs, this involves contracting the lungs and lowering the buccal cavity to push air out.

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Glottis

The opening of the larynx, which is the passageway for air from the mouth to the lungs.

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Frog Heart Chambers

The heart of a frog has three chambers: two auricles (left and right) and one ventricle.

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Auricles (Left & Right)

The left and right auricles are separated by a wall. The right auricle receives deoxygenated blood, while the left auricle receives oxygenated blood.

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Ventricle

The thick, muscular lower chamber of the frog heart that pumps blood to the body.

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Forebrain

The largest part of the brain, responsible for controlling voluntary activities, smell, and regulating metabolism.

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Cerebral Hemispheres

Two halves of the forebrain that control voluntary movements, like walking and talking.

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Diencephalon

Part of the forebrain that acts like a relay station, passing information to the cerebral hemispheres.

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Conus Arteriosus

The muscular, proximal part of the truncus arteriosus in frogs, responsible for blood pumping.

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Synangium

The distal part of the truncus arteriosus in frogs, where it branches into the aortic trunks.

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Cavum Aorticum

The spiral valve divides the conus arteriosus into two chambers. The dorsal chamber is called the cavum aorticum, responsible for carrying oxygenated blood to the body.

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Cavum Palmocutaneum

The ventral part of the conus arteriosus in frogs, it carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs and skin.

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Aortic Trunks

These are the major blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart in frogs.

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Palmocutaneous Arch

A branch of the aortic trunk in frogs that carries blood to the skin and lungs.

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Systemic Arch

A branch of the aortic trunk in frogs that carries blood to the body.

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Carotid Arch

A branch of the aortic trunk in frogs that carries blood to the head.

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Cerebellum

Part of the brain that controls and coordinates muscular movements, allowing for smooth and precise actions.

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Testes (Frog)

A pair of oval, pale yellow organs in a male frog responsible for producing sperm. They are located near the kidneys.

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Vasa Efferentia

Fine ducts connecting the testes to a longitudinal duct called the Bidder's canal. They transport sperm from the testes.

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Bidder's Canal

A long duct in male frogs that receives sperm from the vasa efferentia and transports it towards the ureter.

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Ureter (Frog)

Tube in male frogs that carries both urine and sperm from the kidneys to the cloaca, where they are expelled.

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Seminal Vesicle

A swelling in the proximal half of the ureter in male frogs where sperm is stored.

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Mesorchium

A fold of peritoneum that connects each testis to its corresponding kidney in male frogs.

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Interstitial Cells

Cells found in the connective tissue between the seminiferous tubules of the testes. They produce testosterone, a hormone essential for male development.

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Study Notes

Frog Morphology and Anatomy

  • Classification:
    • Kingdom: Animalia
    • Phylum: Chordata
    • Class: Amphibia
    • Order: Anura
    • Family: Ranidae
    • Genus: Rana
    • Species: Tigrina

Frog Habits and Habitat

  • Amphibious: Living in both water and on land.
  • Cold-blooded (Poikilothermic/Ectothermic): Body temperature varies with the environment.
  • Hibernation: Winter sleep, burrowing into damp earth at the bottom of ponds during cold seasons.
  • Aestivation: Summer sleep, during extreme heat.
  • Rainy Season Activity: Most active during the rainy season for optimal temperature and food availability.

Frog Feeding and Predators

  • Carnivore: Feeding on insects, spiders, earthworms, snails, and small fish.
  • Natural Enemies: Snakes, mongooses, and birds of prey.
  • Camouflage: Use of body color change for protection and blending into green vegetation (mimicry).

Frog Skin

  • Moist and Slippery: Due to mucus from cutaneous glands.
  • Coloration:
    • Dorsal side: Olive green with dark, irregular spots.
    • Ventral side: Pale yellow.
  • Dermal Plicae: Loosely attached skin with long wrinkles on either side of the mid-dorsal line.

Frog Body Structure

  • Divided into: Head and trunk.
  • Streamlined Shape: Aids in swimming.
  • No Neck or Tail: Streamlined body.

Frog Head

  • Triangular Shape: With a blunt snout.
  • Nostrils (External Nares): At the tip of the snout for breathing.
  • Mouth: Large, stretching across the head with thin, immovable lips.
  • Eyes: Large, bulging, positioned for a wide field of vision.
    • Upper eyelid is thick, lower eyelid is thin.
    • Nictitating membrane (transparent fold) protects the eye underwater.
  • Tympanic membrane: Circular patch behind each eye for hearing
  • Vocal sacs: Bluish, wrinkled areas on the throat (present in males) that amplify croaking.

Frog Trunk

  • Short with hump: At the hind upper part.

  • Two pairs of limbs: Forelimbs and Hindlimbs.

    • Forelimbs: Short, consist of upper arm, forearm, and hand (with four digits) and the copulatory (amplexus) pad, which becomes more prominent during breeding.

  • Hindlimbs: Long, powerful, and consist of three segments (upper thigh, middle shank, and lower foot/ankle with five digits). The hind limb digits are joined by webs for efficient swimming.

Frog Cloaca

  • Cloacal aperture (located at the end of the trunk between hind legs) is the opening where fecal matter, urine, and reproductive products are discharged.

Frog Body Cavity (Coelom)

  • Lined by two layers: Parietal peritoneum (outer layer) and visceral peritoneum (inner layer)
  • Divided into two parts: Pericardial coelom (around the heart) and abdominal coelom (enclosing organs).

Frog Digestive System

  • Buccopharyngeal Cavity: Mouth opening leads to the pharynx and contains the mouth, teeth, and tongue.
  • Esophagus: Gullet leading to the stomach.
  • Stomach: Sac-like structure divided into cardiac (anterior) and pyloric (posterior) regions. Cardiac and pyloric sphincters control food movement between compartments..
  • Small Intestine: Longest part; divided into duodenum and ileum (with villi for increased surface area of digestion and absorption).
  • Large Intestine: Ileum leads to the rectum, then to the cloaca. The rectum stores fecal matter and helps absorb water.
  • Digestive Glands: Including the liver and pancreas with their functions (bile production/storage, digestive enzymes).

Frog Respiratory System

  • Cutaneous: Respiration through the skin. Thin, moist, highly vascular skin acts for gas exchange, and it is crucial during hibernation/aestivation while other means of respiration are reduced or unavailable.
  • Buccopharyngeal: Respiration through the mouth and throat (buccal cavity) and nasal chambers. Sternohyal and petrohyal muscles are involved.
  • Pulmonary: Respiration involving the lungs, which are elastic sac-like structures with alveoli (small cavities).
    • Inspiration involves changes to the floor of the buccal cavity and air flows into the lungs.
    • Expiration involves lowering the floor of the buccal cavity to increase pressure to expel air through nostrils

Frog Respiratory Pathway

Nasal Chambers → Internal Nares → Buccal Cavity → Glottis → Laryngeal chamber → Lungs

Frog Heart

  • Three chambers: Two auricles and one ventricle
  • Auricles: Left and right auricles are separated; the right receives deoxygenated blood, left receives oxygenated blood.
    • The right auricle receives blood from the body via the sinus venosus
  • Ventricles: Ventricle is a single chamber receiving blood from both auricles. Auricles open into the ventricle via atrioventricular valve which is supported by chordae tendineae
  • Arteries and Valves: From the right side of the ventricle, a truncus arteriosus arises, with three semilunar valves separating and dividing into the Conus arteriosus and pylangium

Frog Nervous System

  • Divided into three parts: Central Nervous System (CNS), Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), Autonomic Nervous System (ANS).
    • CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord.
    • Cranial and spinal nerves (part of PNS)
    • ANS consists of ganglia running parallel to the spinal cord
  • Brain structure: Forebrain (largest), Midbrain, and Hindbrain including specific parts such as olfactory lobes, cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, optic lobes, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata. Ventricles contain cerebrospinal fluid which cushions and protects the brain.

Frog Reproductive System

  • Primary Function Male: Produce sperms and transport them outside.
  • Sexual Dimorphism: Males have vocal sacs and nuptial pads. Females do not.
  • Testes: Paired oval, pale yellow testes located along the kidneys.
  • Structure of testes: Numerous seminiferous tubules which form sperms via spermatogenesis and form bundles called spermatophores; testosterone is secreted by interstitial cells.
  • Sperm transport: Pathway from testes to cloaca, via vasa efferentia, or Bidder's canal to uriniferous tubules. Sperm is then stored in the seminal vesicle and expelled to the cloaca.
  • Female Primary Function: Produce ova and transport them for external fertilization.
  • Ovaries: Paired structures (mesovarium) not directly connected with kidneys
  • Oviducts: Long, coiled tubes on either sides of the body cavity.
  • Reproduction: Fertilization is external, in water; mature females lay 2500-3000 eggs at a time; tadpoles are the larvae; tadpoles undergo metamorphosis to become adult frogs.

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