Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the nictitating membrane in frogs?
What is the primary function of the nictitating membrane in frogs?
The tympanic membrane is used for both hearing and protection in frogs.
The tympanic membrane is used for both hearing and protection in frogs.
False
What structures are used by male frogs to amplify their croaking sounds?
What structures are used by male frogs to amplify their croaking sounds?
Vocal sacs
The _____ membrane covers the circular patch behind each eye and is used for hearing.
The _____ membrane covers the circular patch behind each eye and is used for hearing.
Signup and view all the answers
Which part of a frog's body aids in efficient swimming?
Which part of a frog's body aids in efficient swimming?
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following anatomical features of frogs with their functions:
Match the following anatomical features of frogs with their functions:
Signup and view all the answers
The frog's alimentary canal opens into the buccopharyngeal cavity, which leads into the _____ for further digestion.
The frog's alimentary canal opens into the buccopharyngeal cavity, which leads into the _____ for further digestion.
Signup and view all the answers
What are the two parts into which the body cavity (coelom) of a frog is divided?
What are the two parts into which the body cavity (coelom) of a frog is divided?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of teeth are present in the frog's upper jaw?
What type of teeth are present in the frog's upper jaw?
Signup and view all the answers
Frogs possess vomerine teeth to help in trapping their prey.
Frogs possess vomerine teeth to help in trapping their prey.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of the cardiac sphincter in a frog's stomach?
What is the function of the cardiac sphincter in a frog's stomach?
Signup and view all the answers
The longest part of the alimentary canal is the ______.
The longest part of the alimentary canal is the ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the digestive organs with their functions:
Match the digestive organs with their functions:
Signup and view all the answers
Which part of the frog's stomach is located at the posterior region?
Which part of the frog's stomach is located at the posterior region?
Signup and view all the answers
The bile duct joins with the pancreatic duct and opens into the ileum.
The bile duct joins with the pancreatic duct and opens into the ileum.
Signup and view all the answers
Describe the structure of the frog's tongue.
Describe the structure of the frog's tongue.
Signup and view all the answers
Which part of the truncus arteriosus is muscular?
Which part of the truncus arteriosus is muscular?
Signup and view all the answers
The peripheral nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord.
The peripheral nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord.
Signup and view all the answers
What separates the conus arteriosus and the synangium?
What separates the conus arteriosus and the synangium?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the septa in the lungs?
What is the primary function of the septa in the lungs?
Signup and view all the answers
The right auricle of a frog's heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.
The right auricle of a frog's heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.
Signup and view all the answers
The space between the meninges and the brain is filled with __________.
The space between the meninges and the brain is filled with __________.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following structures with their respective parts of the nervous system:
Match the following structures with their respective parts of the nervous system:
Signup and view all the answers
What are the three chambers of a frog's heart?
What are the three chambers of a frog's heart?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT one of the aortic trunks given rise by the synangium?
Which of the following is NOT one of the aortic trunks given rise by the synangium?
Signup and view all the answers
The buccal cavity is lowered by the ______ muscles during expiration.
The buccal cavity is lowered by the ______ muscles during expiration.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following parts of the frog's heart to their functions:
Match the following parts of the frog's heart to their functions:
Signup and view all the answers
The dura mater is the inner layer of membranes that protect the brain.
The dura mater is the inner layer of membranes that protect the brain.
Signup and view all the answers
What are the two layers of membranes that protect the brain?
What are the two layers of membranes that protect the brain?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about the frog's pulmonary circulation is TRUE?
Which of the following statements about the frog's pulmonary circulation is TRUE?
Signup and view all the answers
The lungs contract during the expiration process.
The lungs contract during the expiration process.
Signup and view all the answers
The inner walls of the ventricle are folded into structures called ______.
The inner walls of the ventricle are folded into structures called ______.
Signup and view all the answers
What part of the brain is responsible for controlling voluntary activities?
What part of the brain is responsible for controlling voluntary activities?
Signup and view all the answers
The medulla oblongata is involved in regulating voluntary activities such as movement.
The medulla oblongata is involved in regulating voluntary activities such as movement.
Signup and view all the answers
Which region of the brain contains the pineal body and the pituitary body?
Which region of the brain contains the pineal body and the pituitary body?
Signup and view all the answers
The ____ controls and coordinates muscular movements.
The ____ controls and coordinates muscular movements.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following parts of the brain with their functions:
Match the following parts of the brain with their functions:
Signup and view all the answers
What do the lateral ventricles open into through the Foramen of Monro?
What do the lateral ventricles open into through the Foramen of Monro?
Signup and view all the answers
The optic chiasma is where the optic nerves cross, located on the dorsal side of the diencephalon.
The optic chiasma is where the optic nerves cross, located on the dorsal side of the diencephalon.
Signup and view all the answers
What fluid fills the hollow cavities of the brain?
What fluid fills the hollow cavities of the brain?
Signup and view all the answers
Which structure in the brain is responsible for controlling the sense of smell?
Which structure in the brain is responsible for controlling the sense of smell?
Signup and view all the answers
The cerebellum is responsible for the regulation of metabolism.
The cerebellum is responsible for the regulation of metabolism.
Signup and view all the answers
What do you call the sacs that are used by male frogs for vocalization?
What do you call the sacs that are used by male frogs for vocalization?
Signup and view all the answers
The primary function of the male reproductive system in frogs is the production of __________.
The primary function of the male reproductive system in frogs is the production of __________.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following brain structures with their functions:
Match the following brain structures with their functions:
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following features is NOT associated with male frogs?
Which of the following features is NOT associated with male frogs?
Signup and view all the answers
Spermatophores are produced in the interstitial cells of the seminiferous tubules.
Spermatophores are produced in the interstitial cells of the seminiferous tubules.
Signup and view all the answers
The duct that transports spermatophores into the urinary system is known as the __________ canal.
The duct that transports spermatophores into the urinary system is known as the __________ canal.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Frog Morphology and Anatomy
-
Classification:
- Kingdom: Animalia
- Phylum: Chordata
- Class: Amphibia
- Order: Anura
- Family: Ranidae
- Genus: Rana
- Species: Tigrina
Frog Habits and Habitat
- Amphibious: Living in both water and on land.
- Cold-blooded (Poikilothermic/Ectothermic): Body temperature varies with the environment.
- Hibernation: Winter sleep, burrowing into damp earth at the bottom of ponds during cold seasons.
- Aestivation: Summer sleep, during extreme heat.
- Rainy Season Activity: Most active during the rainy season for optimal temperature and food availability.
Frog Feeding and Predators
- Carnivore: Feeding on insects, spiders, earthworms, snails, and small fish.
- Natural Enemies: Snakes, mongooses, and birds of prey.
- Camouflage: Use of body color change for protection and blending into green vegetation (mimicry).
Frog Skin
- Moist and Slippery: Due to mucus from cutaneous glands.
-
Coloration:
- Dorsal side: Olive green with dark, irregular spots.
- Ventral side: Pale yellow.
- Dermal Plicae: Loosely attached skin with long wrinkles on either side of the mid-dorsal line.
Frog Body Structure
- Divided into: Head and trunk.
- Streamlined Shape: Aids in swimming.
- No Neck or Tail: Streamlined body.
Frog Head
- Triangular Shape: With a blunt snout.
- Nostrils (External Nares): At the tip of the snout for breathing.
- Mouth: Large, stretching across the head with thin, immovable lips.
-
Eyes: Large, bulging, positioned for a wide field of vision.
- Upper eyelid is thick, lower eyelid is thin.
- Nictitating membrane (transparent fold) protects the eye underwater.
- Tympanic membrane: Circular patch behind each eye for hearing
- Vocal sacs: Bluish, wrinkled areas on the throat (present in males) that amplify croaking.
Frog Trunk
-
Short with hump: At the hind upper part.
-
Two pairs of limbs: Forelimbs and Hindlimbs.
- Forelimbs: Short, consist of upper arm, forearm, and hand (with four digits) and the copulatory (amplexus) pad, which becomes more prominent during breeding.
-
Hindlimbs: Long, powerful, and consist of three segments (upper thigh, middle shank, and lower foot/ankle with five digits). The hind limb digits are joined by webs for efficient swimming.
Frog Cloaca
- Cloacal aperture (located at the end of the trunk between hind legs) is the opening where fecal matter, urine, and reproductive products are discharged.
Frog Body Cavity (Coelom)
- Lined by two layers: Parietal peritoneum (outer layer) and visceral peritoneum (inner layer)
- Divided into two parts: Pericardial coelom (around the heart) and abdominal coelom (enclosing organs).
Frog Digestive System
- Buccopharyngeal Cavity: Mouth opening leads to the pharynx and contains the mouth, teeth, and tongue.
- Esophagus: Gullet leading to the stomach.
- Stomach: Sac-like structure divided into cardiac (anterior) and pyloric (posterior) regions. Cardiac and pyloric sphincters control food movement between compartments..
- Small Intestine: Longest part; divided into duodenum and ileum (with villi for increased surface area of digestion and absorption).
- Large Intestine: Ileum leads to the rectum, then to the cloaca. The rectum stores fecal matter and helps absorb water.
- Digestive Glands: Including the liver and pancreas with their functions (bile production/storage, digestive enzymes).
Frog Respiratory System
- Cutaneous: Respiration through the skin. Thin, moist, highly vascular skin acts for gas exchange, and it is crucial during hibernation/aestivation while other means of respiration are reduced or unavailable.
- Buccopharyngeal: Respiration through the mouth and throat (buccal cavity) and nasal chambers. Sternohyal and petrohyal muscles are involved.
-
Pulmonary: Respiration involving the lungs, which are elastic sac-like structures with alveoli (small cavities).
- Inspiration involves changes to the floor of the buccal cavity and air flows into the lungs.
- Expiration involves lowering the floor of the buccal cavity to increase pressure to expel air through nostrils
Frog Respiratory Pathway
Nasal Chambers → Internal Nares → Buccal Cavity → Glottis → Laryngeal chamber → Lungs
Frog Heart
- Three chambers: Two auricles and one ventricle
-
Auricles: Left and right auricles are separated; the right receives deoxygenated blood, left receives oxygenated blood.
- The right auricle receives blood from the body via the sinus venosus
- Ventricles: Ventricle is a single chamber receiving blood from both auricles. Auricles open into the ventricle via atrioventricular valve which is supported by chordae tendineae
- Arteries and Valves: From the right side of the ventricle, a truncus arteriosus arises, with three semilunar valves separating and dividing into the Conus arteriosus and pylangium
Frog Nervous System
-
Divided into three parts: Central Nervous System (CNS), Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), Autonomic Nervous System (ANS).
- CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord.
- Cranial and spinal nerves (part of PNS)
- ANS consists of ganglia running parallel to the spinal cord
- Brain structure: Forebrain (largest), Midbrain, and Hindbrain including specific parts such as olfactory lobes, cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, optic lobes, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata. Ventricles contain cerebrospinal fluid which cushions and protects the brain.
Frog Reproductive System
- Primary Function Male: Produce sperms and transport them outside.
- Sexual Dimorphism: Males have vocal sacs and nuptial pads. Females do not.
- Testes: Paired oval, pale yellow testes located along the kidneys.
- Structure of testes: Numerous seminiferous tubules which form sperms via spermatogenesis and form bundles called spermatophores; testosterone is secreted by interstitial cells.
- Sperm transport: Pathway from testes to cloaca, via vasa efferentia, or Bidder's canal to uriniferous tubules. Sperm is then stored in the seminal vesicle and expelled to the cloaca.
- Female Primary Function: Produce ova and transport them for external fertilization.
- Ovaries: Paired structures (mesovarium) not directly connected with kidneys
- Oviducts: Long, coiled tubes on either sides of the body cavity.
- Reproduction: Fertilization is external, in water; mature females lay 2500-3000 eggs at a time; tadpoles are the larvae; tadpoles undergo metamorphosis to become adult frogs.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
