Frog Anatomy and Dissection Techniques

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Questions and Answers

Which of these options are NOT parts of the frog's axial region?

Head

Trunk

Limbs (correct)

Tail

Which of these options are NOT parts of the frog's appendicular region?

Limbs

Trunk (correct)

Tail (correct)

Head (correct)

What is the main function of the frog's nictitating membrane?

To protect the frog's eyes from dust and debris

To help the frog see underwater (correct)

To keep the frog's eyes moist

To help the frog see in the dark

What is the function of the prehallux on the frog's foot?

To help the frog swim Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the opening on the frog's skull that allows for the passage of the spinal cord?

Foramen magnum Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the bone that forms the floor of the frog's skull?

Parasphenoid Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the bone that supports the head and trunk of the frog?

Axial skeleton Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the bone that forms the breastbone of the frog?

Sternum Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the bone that articulates with the sacral vertebra and supports the posterior limbs of the frog?

Pelvic girdle Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the bone that forms the upper arm of the frog?

Humerus Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the bone that supports the prehallux on the frog's foot?

Calcar Signup and view all the answers

The atlas is the first vertebra in the frog's vertebral column.

True Signup and view all the answers

The frog's vertebral column consists of 12 bones.

False Signup and view all the answers

The frog's skeletal system is an example of an exoskeleton.

False Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is the largest bone in the frog's body.

femur Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is a bone in the frog's wrist that is located on the inner side of the forearm, opposite the radiale.

ulnare Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is a pair of bones in the frog's leg that form the shank.

tibio-fibula Signup and view all the answers

Match the following bones with their corresponding regions:

Humerus = Upper leg Tibio-fibula = Lower leg Carpals = Wrist Phalanges = Fingers or toes Femur = Upper arm Metatarsals = Foot Tarsals = Ankle Metacarpals = Hand Radio-ulna = Forearm Ulnare = Forearm Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Support and Protection Equipment and Materials

Gloves
Safety Pin
Field Frog
Dissecting Pan
Scissors and cutting instrument

Background

Animal bodies have definite shapes and structures composed of various parts
These parts enable animals to perform life functions and interact with their environment
Frogs are suitable models for studying vertebrate anatomy due to their affordability, abundance, size, observable life cycle, and structural similarities to higher vertebrates and humans.

Classification of a Field Frog

Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Ranidae
Genus: Rana
Species: vittigera
Field frog: Rana vittigera
Bullfrog: Rana catesbeina
Frog body is divided into two major parts: axial region (head and trunk) and appendicular region (limbs).

Frog Morphology Important Parts

Head: Snout (triangular), mouth, eyes (upper, lower, and nictitating membrane), nostrils (external nares), tympanic membrane, brow spot, and humps
Trunk: Anus, forelimbs (upper arm, forearm, wrist, hand/manus, four fingers), hindlimbs (thigh, shank, ankle/tarsus, foot with webbed toes, prehallux), and diffused/darkly pigmented skin areas

Frog Morphology Objectives and Activities

Familiarization with external parts and skeleton of frogs
Anesthetizing frogs using pithing technique
Pinning frogs in dissecting pans
Identifying frog structures

Frog Morphology Questions

Frog classification
Reasons for frog skin moisture
Sex determination based on external features
Toad vs. frog distinctions

Skeletal System

Crucial for all vertebrates
Provides support, attachment points for muscles for movement and protection of internal organs
Supplies calcium to blood cells

Vertebral Column

Composed of individual vertebrae
Atlas (first vertebra) articulates with the skull
Typical vertebra structure (centrum, neural arch, neural canal, neural spine, transverse processes, prezygapophysis, postzygapophysis)
Sacral vertebra connects to the pelvic girdle
Urostyle (10th vertebra) is the terminal vertebra

Sternum

Breastbone
Pectoral girdle divides it into anterior and posterior
Omosternum—tapered bone connected to the epicoracoid
Episternum—flat, circular cartilage; connects to the omosternum
Mesosternum—bony rod positioned behind the omosternum

Pectoral Girdle

Forms anterior support
Consists of suprascapula, scapula, clavicle (collarbone), and coracoid
Forms an arch around anterior trunk parts in collaboration with sternum

Pelvic Girdle

V-shaped
Supports and connects posterior limbs.
Has ilium (anterior, slender), ischium (posterior, dorsal), and pubis (ventral)
Formation of acetabulum (cup-like socket) where femur (thigh bone) fits.

Anterior Limbs (Forelimbs)

Humerus (upper arm)
Radio-ulna (forearm)
Carpals (wrist bones)
Metacarpals (palm bones)
Phalanges (finger bones)

Posterior Limbs (Hindlimbs)

Femur (thigh)
Tibio-fibula (shank or lower leg)
Tarsals (ankle bones)
Metatarsals (foot bones)
Phalanges (toe bones)
Calcar (supports prehallux)

Skull

Premaxillae (upper jaw tip)
Maxillae (upper jaw middle)
Quadratojugals (skull roof)
Fronto-parietals (skull main part)
Sphenethmoid (bone anterior to fronto-parietals)
Nasals (bones anterior to spenethmoid)
Prootics (enclose inner ear)
Squamosals (lateral to prootics)
Occipitals (posterior portion, surrounding foramen magnum)
Occipital condyles (projections)
Parasphenoid (skull floor)
Vomerine (flat, teeth bearing, behind premaxillae)
Palatines (rod-like, extending from vomer)
Pterygoids (connected to prootics, squamosals, and maxillae)

Hyoid Apparatus

Cartilage beneath tongue
Has body, alary processes, anterior cornua, thyroid process, and posterior cornua

Lower Jaw

Divided into left and right halves
Contains:
- Mento-meckelian (anterior)
- Dentary (middle)
- Angulo-splenial (posterior)

Specific Vertebral Structures

Atlas (1st vertebra)
Typical vertebrae (2nd -8th)
Sacral vertebra (9th, articulates with pelvic girdle)
Urostyle (10th, terminal)

Objectives and Activities

Learning about bones
Labeling illustrations of bones

Questions

Skeleton functions
Endoskeleton vs. exoskeleton
Distinguishing typical and atypical vertebrae
Pectoral girdle structure
Pelvic girdle structure

Studying That Suits You

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Description

Explore the essential support and protection equipment used in frog anatomy studies. This quiz delves into the classification and morphology of the field frog (Rana vittigera), highlighting key anatomical features and life functions. Perfect for students studying vertebrate anatomy and dissection methods.