Untitled Quiz

Earth's Layers

• The crust is the outermost layer of the Earth, composed of less dense rock material.
• It's divided into two parts: continental (thicker, less dense) and oceanic (thinner, more dense).
• Partial melting can make some crustal rocks less dense over time.
• The mantle makes up 80% of Earth's interior.
• Thermal convection is the cycle where heated rock rises, cools, sinks, and heats again.
• Subduction is when a crustal plate slides beneath another.
• The core is the densest layer with the highest temperatures and pressure.
• The core is divided into an inner core (solid) and an outer core (liquid).
• Temperatures range from 4000-7000°C in the inner and outer core respectively.

Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and Mountain Ranges

• The Pacific Ring of Fire is a zone with high earthquake and volcano activity.
• It stretches across Alaska, Kuril, Japan, Mariana, and Philippine Trenches.
• About 70% of the world's earthquakes occur in this area.
• Earthquakes are common along plate boundaries.
• Volcanic activity is often associated with plate boundaries.

Continental Drift Theory

• Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1912.
• The theory suggests that Earth's lithosphere is broken into plates.
• These plates interact slowly with the underlying mantle.

Plate Movement Evidence

• The continents have similar shapes and could have been joined at one point.
• Matching fossils have been found on widely separated continents.

Geologic Activities

• Seismic, volcanic, and geothermal activity show that plates are moving.
• These activities related to plates colliding and moving cause ridges and mountain ranges.
• Examples include the interactions of plates like the Eurasian and Indian plate forming the Himalayas.

Typhoon Damage Relief Organizations

• The Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) provides immediate assistance during disasters.
• The Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) ensures local governments have the resources to manage disasters.
• The Philippine National Police (PNP) assists in providing assistance and enforcing evacuations.
• The Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) handles search and rescue.
• The National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) leads rehabilitation and recovery efforts.
• The Department of National Defense (DND) prepares for disasters and manages responses.
• The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Service (PAGASA) provides weather forecasts.
• The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) monitors volcanoes and earthquakes.
• The Department of Health (DOH) manages health facilities during disasters.
• The Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) restores infrastructure like roads and bridges.
• The National Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council (NDRRMC) coordinates disaster management efforts.

Typhoons

• Typhoons, hurricanes, and cyclones are large rotating storms bringing strong winds, heavy rains, and destruction.
• They are caused by moisture and heat in the atmosphere.
• Typhoons form from tropical storms and draw in moisture and heating the air causes it to spiral towards the center.
• The eye of the typhoon is the calm, low-pressure area in the center.
• The eyewall is the region surrounding the eye experiencing the strongest winds and rainfall.
• Rainbands are spiraling clouds extending outward from the eyewall.

Tropical Cyclone Warning Signals

• Different warning signals (e.g., Tropical Depression, Tropical Storm, Severe Tropical Storm, Typhoon, and Super Typhoon) are based on wind speed.

Heavy Rainfall Warning Signals

• Yellow warning: 7.5-15 mm of rain. Flooding is possible.
• Orange warning: 15-30 mm of rain. Flooding is threatening.
• Red warning: More than 30 mm of rain. Serious flooding is likely.

Landforms and Typhoon Impacts

• Mountain ranges can affect typhoon intensity, causing orographic lifting — increasing rainfall on the windward side but creating a rain shadow on the leeward side.
• Archipelagic geography means typhoons passing through the Philippine Sea often impact many islands.
• Low-lying coastal areas are vulnerable to flooding during typhoons.