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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) after a disaster?
What is the primary role of the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) after a disaster?
Which organization is responsible for coordinating disaster risk management efforts?
Which organization is responsible for coordinating disaster risk management efforts?
What initiates the formation of a typhoon?
What initiates the formation of a typhoon?
What describes the 'eye' of the storm in a typhoon?
What describes the 'eye' of the storm in a typhoon?
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What is the primary function of the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) in disaster contexts?
What is the primary function of the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) in disaster contexts?
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Which part of a typhoon is characterized by the highest windspeeds and heavy rainfall?
Which part of a typhoon is characterized by the highest windspeeds and heavy rainfall?
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Which department is primarily responsible for disaster preparation and management?
Which department is primarily responsible for disaster preparation and management?
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What do rainbands in a typhoon refer to?
What do rainbands in a typhoon refer to?
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Which layer of the Earth is the least dense?
Which layer of the Earth is the least dense?
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What is the primary process occurring in the mantle that contributes to plate tectonics?
What is the primary process occurring in the mantle that contributes to plate tectonics?
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What is the state of the inner core of the Earth?
What is the state of the inner core of the Earth?
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Which department is responsible for monitoring volcanic activity in the Philippines?
Which department is responsible for monitoring volcanic activity in the Philippines?
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What significant theory did Alfred Wegner propose in 1912?
What significant theory did Alfred Wegner propose in 1912?
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Which part of the mantle is primarily associated with thermal convection?
Which part of the mantle is primarily associated with thermal convection?
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Which organization primarily provides weather forecasts and warnings in the Philippines?
Which organization primarily provides weather forecasts and warnings in the Philippines?
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What occurs at mid-oceanic ridges?
What occurs at mid-oceanic ridges?
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What is the role of the Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) during disasters?
What is the role of the Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) during disasters?
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Study Notes
Earth's Layers
- The crust is the outermost layer of the Earth, composed of less dense rock material.
- It's divided into two parts: continental (thicker, less dense) and oceanic (thinner, more dense).
- Partial melting can make some crustal rocks less dense over time.
- The mantle makes up 80% of Earth's interior.
- Thermal convection is the cycle where heated rock rises, cools, sinks, and heats again.
- Subduction is when a crustal plate slides beneath another.
- The core is the densest layer with the highest temperatures and pressure.
- The core is divided into an inner core (solid) and an outer core (liquid).
- Temperatures range from 4000-7000°C in the inner and outer core respectively.
Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and Mountain Ranges
- The Pacific Ring of Fire is a zone with high earthquake and volcano activity.
- It stretches across Alaska, Kuril, Japan, Mariana, and Philippine Trenches.
- About 70% of the world's earthquakes occur in this area.
- Earthquakes are common along plate boundaries.
- Volcanic activity is often associated with plate boundaries.
Continental Drift Theory
- Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1912.
- The theory suggests that Earth's lithosphere is broken into plates.
- These plates interact slowly with the underlying mantle.
Plate Movement Evidence
- The continents have similar shapes and could have been joined at one point.
- Matching fossils have been found on widely separated continents.
Geologic Activities
- Seismic, volcanic, and geothermal activity show that plates are moving.
- These activities related to plates colliding and moving cause ridges and mountain ranges.
- Examples include the interactions of plates like the Eurasian and Indian plate forming the Himalayas.
Typhoon Damage Relief Organizations
- The Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) provides immediate assistance during disasters.
- The Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) ensures local governments have the resources to manage disasters.
- The Philippine National Police (PNP) assists in providing assistance and enforcing evacuations.
- The Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) handles search and rescue.
- The National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) leads rehabilitation and recovery efforts.
- The Department of National Defense (DND) prepares for disasters and manages responses.
- The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Service (PAGASA) provides weather forecasts.
- The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) monitors volcanoes and earthquakes.
- The Department of Health (DOH) manages health facilities during disasters.
- The Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) restores infrastructure like roads and bridges.
- The National Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council (NDRRMC) coordinates disaster management efforts.
Typhoons
- Typhoons, hurricanes, and cyclones are large rotating storms bringing strong winds, heavy rains, and destruction.
- They are caused by moisture and heat in the atmosphere.
- Typhoons form from tropical storms and draw in moisture and heating the air causes it to spiral towards the center.
- The eye of the typhoon is the calm, low-pressure area in the center.
- The eyewall is the region surrounding the eye experiencing the strongest winds and rainfall.
- Rainbands are spiraling clouds extending outward from the eyewall.
Tropical Cyclone Warning Signals
- Different warning signals (e.g., Tropical Depression, Tropical Storm, Severe Tropical Storm, Typhoon, and Super Typhoon) are based on wind speed.
Heavy Rainfall Warning Signals
- Yellow warning: 7.5-15 mm of rain. Flooding is possible.
- Orange warning: 15-30 mm of rain. Flooding is threatening.
- Red warning: More than 30 mm of rain. Serious flooding is likely.
Landforms and Typhoon Impacts
- Mountain ranges can affect typhoon intensity, causing orographic lifting — increasing rainfall on the windward side but creating a rain shadow on the leeward side.
- Archipelagic geography means typhoons passing through the Philippine Sea often impact many islands.
- Low-lying coastal areas are vulnerable to flooding during typhoons.
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