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Questions and Answers
What is the core concept of Lazarus’s Cognitive Theory of Stress?
What is the core concept of Lazarus’s Cognitive Theory of Stress?
Which personality type is particularly linked to an increased risk of heart disease due to traits such as hostility?
Which personality type is particularly linked to an increased risk of heart disease due to traits such as hostility?
What is the primary factor contributing to the higher levels of stress hormones in individuals with low socioeconomic status?
What is the primary factor contributing to the higher levels of stress hormones in individuals with low socioeconomic status?
What stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome describes the body's response when efforts to resist a stressor fail?
What stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome describes the body's response when efforts to resist a stressor fail?
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In the context of cancer, which psychological factor contributes to less distress in patients?
In the context of cancer, which psychological factor contributes to less distress in patients?
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What does the unconscious mind primarily consist of according to Freud's theory?
What does the unconscious mind primarily consist of according to Freud's theory?
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Which part of Freud's personality structure is responsible for making rational decisions?
Which part of Freud's personality structure is responsible for making rational decisions?
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What is the primary function of defense mechanisms in Freud's theory?
What is the primary function of defense mechanisms in Freud's theory?
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Which of the following is an example of projection as a defense mechanism?
Which of the following is an example of projection as a defense mechanism?
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During which psychosexual stage does the ego primarily develop?
During which psychosexual stage does the ego primarily develop?
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What does the term 'superego' refer to in Freud's personality structure?
What does the term 'superego' refer to in Freud's personality structure?
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Which technique did Freud use that involves interpreting dreams to understand the unconscious?
Which technique did Freud use that involves interpreting dreams to understand the unconscious?
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Which of the following adult traits are associated with problems during the Anal Stage of development?
Which of the following adult traits are associated with problems during the Anal Stage of development?
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What concept explains the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to personal traits and negative outcomes to external factors?
What concept explains the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to personal traits and negative outcomes to external factors?
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Which factor is NOT typically associated with influencing attraction?
Which factor is NOT typically associated with influencing attraction?
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In Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love, which component does NOT represent a type of love?
In Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love, which component does NOT represent a type of love?
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What describes the findings of Solomon Asch's Experiment on Conformity?
What describes the findings of Solomon Asch's Experiment on Conformity?
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Which technique involves requesting a small favor before a larger one?
Which technique involves requesting a small favor before a larger one?
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What term describes the feelings of inferiority stemming from childhood experiences, according to Adler's Individual Psychology?
What term describes the feelings of inferiority stemming from childhood experiences, according to Adler's Individual Psychology?
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What is the revival of sexual interests and the establishment of mature sexual relationships in Freud's theory called?
What is the revival of sexual interests and the establishment of mature sexual relationships in Freud's theory called?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of the Collective Unconscious in Jung's Analytical Psychology?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the Collective Unconscious in Jung's Analytical Psychology?
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How does social facilitation influence individual performance?
How does social facilitation influence individual performance?
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What phenomenon occurs when group discussions strengthen members' initial attitudes?
What phenomenon occurs when group discussions strengthen members' initial attitudes?
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Which factor is NOT associated with cognitive dissonance?
Which factor is NOT associated with cognitive dissonance?
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Which component of an attitude involves feelings or emotions related to the attitude object?
Which component of an attitude involves feelings or emotions related to the attitude object?
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What is the bystander effect?
What is the bystander effect?
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Which of the following is a biological factor that influences aggression?
Which of the following is a biological factor that influences aggression?
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What is Groupthink primarily concerned with?
What is Groupthink primarily concerned with?
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What does social loafing refer to?
What does social loafing refer to?
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Which theory states that prejudice arises from competition for limited resources?
Which theory states that prejudice arises from competition for limited resources?
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In the Stanford Prison Experiment, participants' behavior was significantly influenced by what?
In the Stanford Prison Experiment, participants' behavior was significantly influenced by what?
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What did Holmes and Rahe's study suggest about the impact of life changes on stress levels?
What did Holmes and Rahe's study suggest about the impact of life changes on stress levels?
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Which factor is associated with increased psychological discomfort in the workplace?
Which factor is associated with increased psychological discomfort in the workplace?
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Which personality type is associated with contributing to heart disease?
Which personality type is associated with contributing to heart disease?
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What is the role of uplifts according to the stress and coping process?
What is the role of uplifts according to the stress and coping process?
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What major factor contributes to burnout in professions such as police and healthcare?
What major factor contributes to burnout in professions such as police and healthcare?
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What does the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) measure?
What does the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) measure?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the fight or flight response?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the fight or flight response?
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What is a common misconception about ulcers and stress?
What is a common misconception about ulcers and stress?
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What is one effect of daily hassles on psychological health?
What is one effect of daily hassles on psychological health?
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Flashcards
Freud's Levels of Consciousness
Freud's Levels of Consciousness
Freud's theory divides the mind into conscious, preconscious, and unconscious levels.
Freud's Personality Structure
Freud's Personality Structure
Freud proposed the Id, Ego, and Superego as the three parts of personality.
Id
Id
The primitive, instinctive part of personality, operating on the pleasure principle.
Ego
Ego
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Defense Mechanisms
Defense Mechanisms
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Repression
Repression
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Rationalization
Rationalization
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What is Social Psychology?
What is Social Psychology?
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Attributional Bias
Attributional Bias
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Self-Serving Bias
Self-Serving Bias
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First Impressions
First Impressions
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Proximity
Proximity
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Reciprocity
Reciprocity
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Conformity
Conformity
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Obedience
Obedience
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Compliance Techniques
Compliance Techniques
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Social Facilitation
Social Facilitation
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Social Loafing
Social Loafing
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Group Polarization
Group Polarization
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Groupthink
Groupthink
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Social Roles
Social Roles
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Attitudes
Attitudes
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Cognitive Dissonance
Cognitive Dissonance
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Persuasion
Persuasion
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Prosocial Behavior
Prosocial Behavior
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Bystander Effect
Bystander Effect
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Stress
Stress
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Fight or Flight
Fight or Flight
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Stressor
Stressor
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Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)
Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)
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Daily Hassles
Daily Hassles
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Uplifts
Uplifts
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Conflict (Approach-Avoidance)
Conflict (Approach-Avoidance)
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Job Stress: Workload
Job Stress: Workload
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Job Stress: Clarity of Job Description
Job Stress: Clarity of Job Description
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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
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Survivor Guilt
Survivor Guilt
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Racial Stress
Racial Stress
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Socioeconomic Status (SES)
Socioeconomic Status (SES)
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General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
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Coping Strategies
Coping Strategies
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Study Notes
Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory
- Levels of Consciousness:
- Conscious: Thoughts, perceptions.
- Preconscious: Memory, stored knowledge.
- Unconscious: Instincts, fears, selfish motives. (Unconscious thoughts cannot be voluntarily accessed)
- Techniques to Access the Unconscious:
- Free Association: Patients talk nonstop.
- Dream Interpretation: Dreams reveal unconscious thoughts.
- Freudian Slips: Verbal mistakes revealing unconscious desires.
- Personality Structure:
- ID: Primitive, instinctive, seeks immediate gratification (pleasure principle), present from birth.
- Ego: Rational, decision-making, operates on the reality principle (delays gratification), develops around ages 2-3.
- Superego: Moral, develops around ages 5-6, composed of the conscience (rules) and ego ideal (aspirations).
- Ego ideal: Pride from good actions.
- Conscience: Guilt from bad actions.
Defense Mechanisms
- Definition: Ego's protective methods to reduce anxiety through distortion and self-deception.
- Examples:
- Repression: Unconsciously removing unpleasant memories. (e.g., forgetting a traumatic childhood event).
- Projection: Attributing your own negative traits to others. (e.g., an unhappy person blaming others).
- Denial: Refusing to acknowledge a threatening situation. (e.g., ignoring a tornado warning).
- Rationalization: Providing a logical excuse, not the real reason. (e.g., "I didn't get the job because I lacked connections").
- Regression: Reverting to earlier, less mature behavior. (e.g., crying when criticized).
Psychosexual Stages of Development
- Definition: Five developmental periods focusing on pleasure gratification for normal personality development.
- Oral (Birth-1 year): Pleasure center: Mouth. Conflicts: Weaning. Associated traits: optimism, dependency, pessimism, hostility, sarcasm, aggression. (Possible problems from conflicts in early development).
- Anal (1-3 years): Pleasure center: Anus. Conflicts: Toilet training. Associated traits: cleanliness (or messiness), orderliness (or rebelliousness), stinginess, destructiveness.
- Phallic (3-5 or 6 years): Pleasure center: Genitals. Conflicts: Oedipus complex (boys). Associated traits: flirtatiousness, vanity, promiscuity, pride, chastity.
- Latency (5-6 years to puberty): Pleasure center: None. Conflicts: Sexual calm, interest in school, hobbies, same-sex friendships. Associated traits: None.
- Genital (Puberty onwards): Pleasure center: Genitals. Conflicts: Mature sexual relationships. Associated traits: sexual dysfunctions.
Psychodynamic/Neo-Freudian Theories
- Adler's Individual Psychology: Motivation from life goals, not unconscious forces. Inferiority complex: Feelings of inferiority from childhood experiences.
- Jung's Analytical Psychology: Two unconscious layers: Personal (individual experiences) and collective (inherited, universal experiences). Archetypes: Universal, symbolic patterns.
- Horney's Blended Psychology: Personality shaped by child-parent relationships. Basic anxiety: Feelings of helplessness arising from a hostile childhood environment. Promoted women's positive traits and criticized Freud's theory from a feminist perspective.
Introduction to Social Psychology
- Social Cognition: Mental processes in perceiving and interacting with others.
- Attribution: Explaining behavior:
- Situational (external factors).
- Dispositional (internal factors).
- Impression Formation and Management: Forming and influencing others' opinions.
- Self-Serving Bias: Attributing success to oneself, failure to external factors.
- Actor-Observer Effect: Attributing our actions to situations, others' actions to personality.
- Fundamental Attribution Error: Overemphasizing personality, underemphasizing situations.
- Attraction: Factors influencing attraction: proximity, mood, reciprocity, similarity, physical attractiveness.
- Intimate Relationships: Factors in intimate relationships, romantic attraction, matching hypothesis, Sternberg's Triangular theory (intimacy, passion, commitment) and descriptions of the different types of love.
- Conformity, Obedience, and Compliance: Types of social influence.
- Conformity (Asch experiment, social norms)
- Obedience (Milgram experiment)
- Compliance (foot-in-the-door, door-in-the-face, low-ball techniques).
Group Influence
- Social Facilitation/Social Loafing: Effects of groups on individual performance.
- Social facilitation: Enhanced performance with others.
- Social loafing: Decreased effort in groups.
- Group Decision Making: Influences on individual decisions in groups: polarization, groupthink.
- Social Roles: Expectations for behavior based on positions.
Attitudes and Attitude Change
- Attitudes: Beliefs, feelings, and behaviors towards objects or issues. Cognitive, Emotional, and Behavioral components of an attitude.
- Cognitive Dissonance: Discomfort from conflicting beliefs or behaviors.
- Persuasion: Process of changing attitudes or behaviors. Elements: source, audience, message, medium.
Prosocial Behavior
- Prosocial behavior: Actions intended to benefit others.
- Reasons for helping: Altruism, empathy, commitment, social responsibility norms.
- The Bystander Effect: Less likely to help if others are present (Darley and Latané's research).
Aggression
- Aggression: Behavior intended to harm others.
- Biological Factors: Genes, low arousal, high testosterone, low serotonin, brain damage, alcohol use.
- Other Influences: Frustration-aggression hypothesis, cognitive-neoassociationistic model, group behavior, social learning theory.
Prejudice and Discrimination
- Prejudice: Preconceived negative opinion or feeling about a group.
- Discrimination: Unfair treatment of individuals based on group membership.
- Roots: Realistic conflict theory, in-groups/out-groups, social-cognitive theory, stereotypes, ethnocentrism.
Stress and Health Psychology
- Mythbusters: Debunking stress-related myths.
- Sources of Stress:
- Life changes (SRRS).
- Daily hassles and uplifts.
- Stress in the workplace.
- Catastrophic events (PTSD).
- Racism and socioeconomic status.
- Responding to Stress:
- General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS).
- Lazarus's Cognitive Theory.
- Coping strategies (problem-focused, emotion-focused).
- Personal factors (optimism, hardiness).
- Health and Illness:
- Wellness approach.
- Biomedical model vs. health psychology.
- Coronary heart disease, cancer, immunology and stress.
- Personal factors and stress reduction: optimism, hardiness, religion, social support.
- Lifestyle and health: smoking, alcohol abuse, diet, exercise, gender differences, and their impacts on health and well-being.
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Description
Test your knowledge on Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory, including the levels of consciousness, techniques to access the unconscious mind, and the structural components of personality. Explore free association, dream interpretation, and defense mechanisms to enhance your understanding of psychological processes.