Frequency of Copulation and Sperm Competition in Birds
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Questions and Answers

What do small Chinook salmon invest more energy in compared to larger hooknose salmon?

  • Tail fin strength
  • Sperm and gonads (correct)
  • Body size
  • Digestive system efficiency

    • What is a notable characteristic of jack sperm in Chinook salmon?

  • They require more power to swim
  • They have larger tails
  • They are less efficient at swimming
  • They swim faster than hooknose sperm (correct)

    • How does the swimming efficiency of jack sperm change when activated in ovarian fluid?

  • It remains the same
  • It decreases
  • It increases (correct)
  • It becomes unpredictable

    • In the context of evolution, what does the term 'Evolutionarily Stable Strategies' refer to?

    <p>Strategies that are resistant to invasion by new strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept in animal behavior involves the interaction between fishers and pirates as well as hawks and doves?

    <p>Game Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concept driving the behavior described in the text?

    <p>Sexual Selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intrasexual selection involves:

    <p>Competition within one sex for mating opportunities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Male ornaments are an example of:

    <p>Intersexual selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key idea behind the mate guardian and coalition formation as alternative mating tactics?

    <p>Making the best of a bad job</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of behavioral adaptation is exhibited by seabirds in the described context?

    <p>Courtship Displays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of evolutionarily stable strategies (ESS), what does it mean if an ESS cannot be bettered by another activity?

    <p>The ESS is resistant to invasion by alternative strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Richard Dawkins' 'The Selfish Gene,' what does the term 'selfish gene' represent?

    <p>Genes that prioritize individual survival over group well-being</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does protective aggression work in evolutionarily stable strategies when conspecifics are willing to help with fighting?

    <p>It leads to high success rates in securing resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the hawks-doves game of fighting, what does the term 'frequency-dependent' imply?

    <p>The success of a strategy depends on the frequency of occurrence of that strategy in the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the concept of an evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) impact individual behavior in a population?

    <p>It suggests that individuals should adapt their behavior based on what the majority in the population is doing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did the black-headed gulls remove eggshells from nests right after hatching?

    <p>To avoid attracting predators to the nest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main difference observed between the behavioral adaptation of black-headed gulls and kittiwakes to their respective environments?

    <p>Black-headed gulls threw away eggshells while kittiwakes did not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evolutionary concept is exemplified by the selection pressure on alleles carried by parents who throw away eggshells in black-headed gulls?

    <p>Natural selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was throwing out eggshells less beneficial for kittiwakes compared to black-headed gulls?

    <p>Kittiwakes nested in predator-proof cliff ledges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the study on black-headed gulls and kittiwakes contribute to our understanding of evolutionary stable strategies?

    <p>By illustrating how different environments can lead to different selective pressures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to John Maynard Smith's concept of Evolutionarily Stable Strategy (ESS) in evolutionary game theory, what does an 'evolutionarily stable strategy' refer to?

    <p>A strategy that is consistently successful and cannot be improved upon by any other strategy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the concept of Evolutionarily Stable Strategies (ESS) in animal behavior according to Richard Dawkins?

    <p>To explain behaviors or traits that cannot be invaded by rare alternative behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of behavioral strategies discussed in the text, what is a key question posed by game theory regarding individual fitness?

    <p>If the best strategies depend on the behaviors of other individuals in the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario aligns with the concept of 'hawk vs. dove' behavioral strategies, as discussed in the context of natural selection?

    <p>Some individuals behaving aggressively while others act passively to avoid conflict.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Considering the adaptation of seabirds to specific environments, what is a likely evolutionary advantage for seabirds exhibiting certain behaviors?

    <p>Developing specialized traits to avoid predation along coastal areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of sperm competition, what is a key selective force shaping reproductive anatomy, physiology, and behavior in animals?

    <p>Sperm competition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do Goshawk pairs engage in copulation up to 100 times prior to egg-laying?

    <p>To prepare for sperm competition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do some bird species cope with male competition even after sperm is released?

    <p>By storing sperm in sperm host glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between copulation frequency and clutch size in birds, according to Birkhead's study?

    <p>No correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor influences the amount of time male warblers spend guarding their partners?

    <p>Presence of male neighbors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way the Common Guillemot (Uria aalge) males ensure the growth of their offspring?

    <p>Guiding the offspring to the sea after hatching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of having SAM (shell accessory material) on the eggshell surface of the Common Guillemot (Uria aalge)?

    <p>It prevents pore blockages and aids gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do the chicks of Common Guillemots (Uria aalge) leave the colony early, just 3 weeks after hatching?

    <p>To begin their growth at sea and ensure survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do razorbill (Alca torda) eggs behave if disturbed on a ledge according to the text?

    <p>They roll in a circle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long do Common Guillemot (Uria aalge) males stay with their offspring after guiding them to the sea?

    <p>5-7 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do Common Guillemot (Uria aalge) incubate their single egg on exposed cliff ledges without building a nest?

    <p>To facilitate gas exchange for embryo development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason male Common Guillemots (Uria aalge) do not need to fly back with food for their offspring?

    <p>They dive for food in the sea instead of flying back</p> Signup and view all the answers

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