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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of a router in a network?
What is the term for the process of encoding and decoding digital information?
What type of network connects multiple switches and their respective networks?
What is the role of an Internet Service Provider (ISP)?
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What is the term for the network that connects edge devices?
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What is the primary difference between a switch and a router?
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What is the term for the devices that run network applications?
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What type of network is formed by interconnected ISPs?
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What is the term used to describe the allocation of end-to-end resources for a 'call' between source and destination?
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What is the term for the delay associated with forwarding table lookups, forwarding a packet through a switch, and performing integrity checks?
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What is the term used to describe the division of the electromagnetic or optical spectrum into narrow frequency bands?
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What is the term used to describe the delay that occurs when work arrives faster than it can be serviced?
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What is the formula to compute the total delay in a network?
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What is the term used to describe the method of transmitting packets or chunks of data between hosts and devices?
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What is the term used to describe the amount of time it takes for a bit to exit at the receiving side of the link?
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What is the formula to compute the packet transmission delay?
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What is the term used to describe the rate at which a link can transmit data?
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What is the term used to describe the method of forwarding packets or chunks of data between routers?
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Study Notes
Access Networks
- Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) uses existing telephone lines to transmit data over DSL phone lines at different frequencies.
- DSL splitter separates voice and data signals, while the DSL modem transmits data to the Internet.
- Wireless Area Networks (WANs) provide shared wireless access, connecting end systems to routers via base stations or access points.
- Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) include Wi-Fi, and wide-area cellular access networks include 4G and 5G.
- Enterprise networks combine wired and wireless link technologies, connecting multiple switches and routers.
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
- FDM transmits different channels in different frequency bands, allowing multiple channels to be transmitted simultaneously.
- Each channel is allocated a specific frequency band, and data is transmitted at a specific frequency.
Packet Switching
- Packet switches (routers and switches) forward packets of data between hosts and devices.
- Packet switching breaks application messages into packets, transmits them at a transmission rate, and forwards them to the next hop.
- Store-and-forward packet switching receives and gathers packets at the receiving end, then forwards them once fully received.
- Packet queues form when the arrival rate exceeds the transmission rate, causing queueing delay and potential packet loss.
Circuit Switching
- Circuit switching allocates end-to-end resources for a "call" between source and destination, reserving transmission capacity for exclusive use.
- Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) and Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) are methods used in circuit switching.
- FDM divides the electromagnetic spectrum into narrow frequency bands, while TDM divides time into slots for each call.
Packet Delay
- Processing delay occurs during forwarding table lookups, packet forwarding, and integrity checks.
- Queuing delay occurs when packets wait to be transmitted due to insufficient bandwidth.
- Transmission delay is the time it takes for all packet bits to be transmitted.
- Propagation delay is the time it takes for a bit to travel from the sending side to the receiving side of the link.
- The total delay is the sum of these four delays: dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop.
Computing Transmission Delay
- Transmission delay can be calculated using the formula: delay = packet size (bits) / bandwidth (bps).
Definition of Terms
- Internet: a network of interconnected ISPs that provide access to the Internet.
- ISP: an organization that provides services to access the Internet.
- Protocol: a set of rules governing communication activities on the Internet, defining message formats and transmission actions.
- Network edge: devices such as computers and smartphones that run network applications, acting as clients or servers.
- Access networks: networks that connect edge devices to the Internet.
- Physical media: wired or wireless communication links used to transmit bits between devices.
- Network core: a set of interconnected routers that form a network.
- Switch: a device that connects devices within a network, facilitating resource sharing.
- Router: a device that connects multiple networks, directing traffic and choosing the most efficient route.
- Modem: a device that transmits data by modulating and demodulating carrier signals, encoding and decoding digital information.
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Description
Learn about Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) and how it enables multiple channels to transmit data simultaneously without interference. Understand the concept of cable splitters and modems.
