Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of a router in a network?

  • Provides services to access the Internet
  • Facilitates the sharing of resources by connecting all the devices
  • Transmits data by modulating and demodulating carrier signals
  • Directs traffic and chooses the most efficient route for information (correct)
  • What is the term for the process of encoding and decoding digital information?

  • Modulator-demodulator (correct)
  • Carrier signal transmission
  • Modulation
  • Demodulation
  • What type of network connects multiple switches and their respective networks?

  • Access network
  • Core network (correct)
  • Distributed network
  • Wide area network
  • What is the role of an Internet Service Provider (ISP)?

    <p>Provides connection to the Internet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the network that connects edge devices?

    <p>Access network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between a switch and a router?

    <p>A switch connects devices, while a router connects networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the devices that run network applications?

    <p>Hosts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of network is formed by interconnected ISPs?

    <p>Internet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the allocation of end-to-end resources for a 'call' between source and destination?

    <p>Circuit switching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the delay associated with forwarding table lookups, forwarding a packet through a switch, and performing integrity checks?

    <p>Processing delay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the division of the electromagnetic or optical spectrum into narrow frequency bands?

    <p>Frequency Division Multiplexing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the delay that occurs when work arrives faster than it can be serviced?

    <p>Queueing delay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to compute the total delay in a network?

    <p>dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the method of transmitting packets or chunks of data between hosts and devices?

    <p>Packet switching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the amount of time it takes for a bit to exit at the receiving side of the link?

    <p>Propagation delay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to compute the packet transmission delay?

    <p>dtrans = L / R</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the rate at which a link can transmit data?

    <p>Link transmission rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the method of forwarding packets or chunks of data between routers?

    <p>Store-and-forward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Access Networks

    • Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) uses existing telephone lines to transmit data over DSL phone lines at different frequencies.
    • DSL splitter separates voice and data signals, while the DSL modem transmits data to the Internet.
    • Wireless Area Networks (WANs) provide shared wireless access, connecting end systems to routers via base stations or access points.
    • Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) include Wi-Fi, and wide-area cellular access networks include 4G and 5G.
    • Enterprise networks combine wired and wireless link technologies, connecting multiple switches and routers.

    Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

    • FDM transmits different channels in different frequency bands, allowing multiple channels to be transmitted simultaneously.
    • Each channel is allocated a specific frequency band, and data is transmitted at a specific frequency.

    Packet Switching

    • Packet switches (routers and switches) forward packets of data between hosts and devices.
    • Packet switching breaks application messages into packets, transmits them at a transmission rate, and forwards them to the next hop.
    • Store-and-forward packet switching receives and gathers packets at the receiving end, then forwards them once fully received.
    • Packet queues form when the arrival rate exceeds the transmission rate, causing queueing delay and potential packet loss.

    Circuit Switching

    • Circuit switching allocates end-to-end resources for a "call" between source and destination, reserving transmission capacity for exclusive use.
    • Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) and Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) are methods used in circuit switching.
    • FDM divides the electromagnetic spectrum into narrow frequency bands, while TDM divides time into slots for each call.

    Packet Delay

    • Processing delay occurs during forwarding table lookups, packet forwarding, and integrity checks.
    • Queuing delay occurs when packets wait to be transmitted due to insufficient bandwidth.
    • Transmission delay is the time it takes for all packet bits to be transmitted.
    • Propagation delay is the time it takes for a bit to travel from the sending side to the receiving side of the link.
    • The total delay is the sum of these four delays: dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop.

    Computing Transmission Delay

    • Transmission delay can be calculated using the formula: delay = packet size (bits) / bandwidth (bps).

    Definition of Terms

    • Internet: a network of interconnected ISPs that provide access to the Internet.
    • ISP: an organization that provides services to access the Internet.
    • Protocol: a set of rules governing communication activities on the Internet, defining message formats and transmission actions.
    • Network edge: devices such as computers and smartphones that run network applications, acting as clients or servers.
    • Access networks: networks that connect edge devices to the Internet.
    • Physical media: wired or wireless communication links used to transmit bits between devices.
    • Network core: a set of interconnected routers that form a network.
    • Switch: a device that connects devices within a network, facilitating resource sharing.
    • Router: a device that connects multiple networks, directing traffic and choosing the most efficient route.
    • Modem: a device that transmits data by modulating and demodulating carrier signals, encoding and decoding digital information.

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    Description

    Learn about Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) and how it enables multiple channels to transmit data simultaneously without interference. Understand the concept of cable splitters and modems.

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