Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which tense is used to describe an action still happening now that began in the past?
Which tense is used to describe an action still happening now that began in the past?
- Le futur simple
- Le passé composé
- L'imparfait
- Le présent (correct)
In which scenario would you use 'vous' instead of 'tu'?
In which scenario would you use 'vous' instead of 'tu'?
- When speaking to a close friend
- When speaking to an animal
- When formally addressing a stranger (correct)
- When casually addressing a family member
When referring to a group of both male and female subjects, which pronoun takes precedence in French?
When referring to a group of both male and female subjects, which pronoun takes precedence in French?
- Nous
- Elles
- On
- Ils (correct)
Which verb does NOT belong to the first group of French verbs (ending in -ER)?
Which verb does NOT belong to the first group of French verbs (ending in -ER)?
Which is the correct form of the verb 'discuter' (to chat) in the 'nous' form in the present tense?
Which is the correct form of the verb 'discuter' (to chat) in the 'nous' form in the present tense?
What must be done to conjugate a 'premier groupe' verb in 'le présent'?
What must be done to conjugate a 'premier groupe' verb in 'le présent'?
What is the correct 'vous' form of the verb 'réagir' (to react) in the present tense?
What is the correct 'vous' form of the verb 'réagir' (to react) in the present tense?
For most third-group verbs, which pattern of endings is followed?
For most third-group verbs, which pattern of endings is followed?
What is a key characteristic of irregular verbs like 'boire' (to drink) and 'devoir' (to have to) in the present tense?
What is a key characteristic of irregular verbs like 'boire' (to drink) and 'devoir' (to have to) in the present tense?
Which of the following describes the 'passé récent' tense?
Which of the following describes the 'passé récent' tense?
What is the correct construction of the 'futur proche'?
What is the correct construction of the 'futur proche'?
How is the 'passé composé' structured in French?
How is the 'passé composé' structured in French?
What is the English equivalent of the French tense 'Le passé composé'?
What is the English equivalent of the French tense 'Le passé composé'?
Which of the following verbs commonly use 'être' (to be) as an auxiliary in the 'passé composé'?
Which of the following verbs commonly use 'être' (to be) as an auxiliary in the 'passé composé'?
When être is used as an auxiliary, what grammatical rule must be observed?
When être is used as an auxiliary, what grammatical rule must be observed?
What is the English translation of imparfait?
What is the English translation of imparfait?
To form the imparfait of a first group verb, what modification is required?
To form the imparfait of a first group verb, what modification is required?
What is used as an auxiliary verb to conjugate reflexive verbs?
What is used as an auxiliary verb to conjugate reflexive verbs?
What indicates that two pronouns are a "reflexive pronoun"?
What indicates that two pronouns are a "reflexive pronoun"?
Flashcards
Le Présent
Le Présent
Refers to an action happening.
To have in French
To have in French
avoir
To be in French
To be in French
être
To speak in French
To speak in French
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To finish in French
To finish in French
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Être in passé composé
Être in passé composé
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Avoir in passé composé
Avoir in passé composé
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Passé Composé
Passé Composé
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Used to, was -ing
Used to, was -ing
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L'imparfait action
L'imparfait action
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To go in French
To go in French
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Le Futur Proche
Le Futur Proche
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Future Actions
Future Actions
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Passé composé/Imparfait
Passé composé/Imparfait
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Reflexive verb
Reflexive verb
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Study Notes
French Tenses
- There are 6 tenses to situate an action: le présent, le passé composé, l'imparfait, le plus que parfait, le futur simple, and le futur antérieur
- Le présent refers to an action in the process of happening
- Le passé composé refers to an action that happened in the past
- Le futur antérieur refers to an action that will happen in the future
Le Présent (The Present)
- Unlike English with two present forms, French has only one: I watch/I am watching
- Used to describe actions happening now: I am eating an apple = Je mange une pomme
- Used to describe current habits: I eat vegetables every day = Je mange des légumes tous les jours
- Used to action has been occurring: I have been learning French for 2 months = J'apprends le français depuis 2 mois
- Used to state universal truths: The Earth is round = La Terre est ronde
Avoir (To Have) and Être (To Be)
- To have: J’ai (I have), Tu as (You have), Il a (He has), Elle a (She has), On a (We have), Nous avons (We have), Vous avez (You have), Ils ont (They have), Elles ont (They have).
- To be: Je suis (I am), Tu es (You are), Il est (He is), Elle est (She is), On est (We are), Nous sommes (We are), Vous êtes (You are), Ils sont (They are), Elles sont (They are).
- On/nous both translate to "we"
- On is casual "we", most often used; considered a singular pronoun
- Nous is formal "we", mainly in writing and considered a plural pronoun
- Tu/vous both translate to “you”
- Tu refers to someone within close circle
- Vous expresses politeness to strangers
- Ils/elles both translate to "they"
- Ils is masculine / elles is feminine
- Masculine form always prevails; ILS is used for mixed-gender groups
Verb Conjugation
- Verbs are separated depending on infinitives; there are 3 groups
- 1st group (le premier groupe): verbs with -ER ending like parler (to speak) - exception is aller (to go)
- 2nd group (le deuxième groupe): verbs with -IR ending like finir (to finish)
- 3rd group (le troisième groupe): irregular verbs
- Common 3rd group endings are -OIR, -RE, and -IR
- Verb groups affect endings/structure
Conjugating -ER Verbs in Le Présent
- Remove -ER ending to then add correct ending
- Endings are: -e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent : Je parle, Tu parles, Il parle, Elle parle, On parle, Nous parlons, Vous parlez, Ils parlent, Elles parlent
Conjugating -IR Verbs in Le Présent
- Remove the -R ending from infinitive to then add correct ending
- Endings are: -s, -s, -t, -ssons, -ssez, ssent : Je finis, Tu finis, Il finit, Elle finit, On finit, Nous finissons, Vous finissez, Ils finissent, Elles finissent
Conjugating Irregular Verbs Le Présent
- Most group verbs follow the endings: -s, -s, -t, -ons, -ez, -ent
- However, some verbs have irregular stem
- For example, Je bois, Tu bois, Il boit, Elle boit, On boit, Nous buvons, Vous buvez, Ils boivent, Elles boivent.
- Another example, I have to = Je dois, You have to = Tu dois, He has to = Il doit, She has to = Elle doit, We have to = On doit, Nous devons, You have to = Vous devez, They have to = Ils doivent, Elles doivent
- Examples of irregular verbs include: être, avoir, aller, faire, vouloir, pouvoir, venir, tenir, recevoir, voir, écrire, dormir, mettre, prendre, appeler, connaître.
Specific Forms of Le Présent
- There are 3 special forms of the present: Le passé récent (recent past), le présent progressif (present progressive), and le future proche (near future)
Recent Past (Le Passé Récent)
- Used to describe actions that have just occurred
- I just arrived home = Je viens d’arriver à la maison
- Formula is pronoun + venir in present + preposition de/d’ + verb in infinitive form
- Venir conjugation examples: Je viens Tu viens, Il vient, Elle vient, On vient, Nous venons, Vous venez, Ils viennent, Elles viennent
- Example Conjugation Finir: Je viens de finir, Tu viens de finir, Il vient de finir, Elle vient de finir, On vient de finir, Nous venons de finir, Vous venez de finir, Ils viennent de finir, Elles viennent de finir
Present Progressive (Le Présent Progressif)
- Used to emphatically refer to an action in the of happening
- I am in the middle of watching a movie = Je suis en train de regarder un film
- Formula is pronoun + être in present + expression en train de/d’ + verb in infinitive form
- Etre conjugation examples: Je suis, Tu es, Il est, Elle est, On est, Nous sommes, Vous êtes, Ils sont, Elles sont Example Conjugation Finir: Je suis en train de finir, Tu es en train de finir, Il est en train de finir, Elle est en train de finir, On est en train de finir, Nous sommes en train de finir, Vous êtes en train de finir, Ils sont en train de finir, Elles sont en train de finir
Near Future (Le Futur Proche)
- Expresses an action that will happen soon
- I am going to leave soon = Je vais partir bientôt
- Formula is pronoun + aller in present + verb in infinitive form
- Aller conjugation examples: Je vais, Tu vas, Il va, Elle va, On va, Nous allons, Vous allez, Ils vont, Elles vont
- Example Conjugation Finir: Je vais finir, Tu vas finir, Il va finir, Elle va finir, On va finir, Nous allons finir, Vous allez finir, Ils vont finir, Elles vont finir
Le Passé Composé (The Past Compound)
- The most important and frequently used past tense to describe one-time completed past action
- At lunch, I ate a sandwich = Au déjeuner, j’ai mangé un sandwich
- Have and be in présent are used as auxiliaries to form it
- The formula is pronoun + auxiliaries have/be in présent + past participle
- You walked = tu + as + marché > tu as marché
- Auxiliary verb regarder: J’ai regardé, Tu as regardé, Il a regardé, Elle a regardé, On a regardé, Nous avons regardé, Vous avez regardé, Ils ont regardé, Elles ont regardé.
- Auxiliary verb rester: Je suis resté[e], Tu es resté[e], Il est resté, Elle est restée, On est resté[e], Nous sommes resté[e]s, Vous êtes resté[es], Ils sont restés, Elles sont restées.
Choosing Correct Auxiliaries
- Have is more used than Be
- DR & MRS VANDERTRAMP verbs require BE as auxiliary
- DR & MRS VANDERTRAMP verbs include: Devenir, Revenir, Monter, Rentrer, Sortir, Venir, Aller, Arriver, Naître, Descendre, Entrer, Retourner, Tomber, Rester, Mourir, Partir
Rule of Agreements
- When BE is used as auxiliary, the ending must agree in gender and number
- Add -e for feminine / add -s for plural , add -es for both feminine gender and plural - these are generally silent
Forming Past Participles
- For regular verbs, use infinitive as base and follow 3 cases
- Verbs with -ER ending, participle ends in -é
- Ex: manger > mangé
- Verbs with -IR ending, participle ends in -i
- Ex: finir > fini
- Verbs with -RE ending, past participle ends in -u
- Ex: attendre > attendu
Method of Application
- Use this method to perform this action well
- Choose the right auxiliary through DR & MRS VANDERTRAMP
- Use the infinitive if it is regular Examples of verbs: être, avoir, aller, faire, vouloir, pouvoir, venir, tenir, recevoir, voir, écrire, dormir, mettre, prendre
- Append necessary rules
Reflexive Verbs
- Structured around the use of 2 pronouns instead of one: a "regular" and reflexive pronoun
- Verbs in infinitive form uses reflexive pronoun “se”: se lever, se réveiller, se laver
- For vowel/h-starting verbs, pronouns are shortened: s’appeler, s’endormir, s’habiller
- Reflexive verbs are used when the verb reflects back on subject
- Many verbs have both reflexive and non-reflexive forms
- Regular reflexive pronouns are je = me, tu = te, il/elle/on = se, nous = nous, vous = vous, ils/elles = se
- Ex conjugation in present tense: Je me repose, Tu te reposes, Il se repose, Elle se repose, On se repose, Nous nous reposons, Vous vous reposez, Ils se reposent, Elles se reposent.
- In past tense: Je me suis reposé[e], Tu t’es reposé[e], Il s’est reposé, Elle s’est reposée, On s’est reposé[e], Nous nous sommes reposé[e]s, Vous vous êtes reposé[es], Ils se sont reposés, Elles se sont reposées
Reflexive Pronoun Shortening
- When starting with a vowel or h, some reflexive pronouns are shortened
- “Me” becomes m’, ex: Je m’endors
- “Te” becomes t’, ex: Tu t’endors
- “Se” becomes s’, ex: Il s’endort
Applying Past Tense
- Auxiliary BE will require past participle
- The use needs agreements will affect the end behavior For example, SE REPOSER (to rest) to refer to an action of what there needs to be in the end
L'imparfait (The Imperfect)
- Second most used past tense to describe length action or memories
- "When I was a child, I liked cartoons = Quand j’étais enfant, j’aimais les dessins animés"
- To describe a past habit, "used to" is used for emphasis
- To describe past perceived habits, "I was finishing my book when you arrived = Je finissais mon livre quand tu es arrivé[e]"
- To refer to an action that can't be precisely states, "Before, people wore costumes = Avant, les gens portaient des costumes"
- 3 possible English translations for each context of use
- This verb uses an ending pattern, no matter what group it belongs to: je = -ais, tu = -ais, il/elle/on = -ait, nous = -ions, vous = -iez, and ils/elles = -aient
Conjugating L'imparfait
- To form the stem, remove the -ER ending from the infinitive and replace it with the ending for l’imparfait
- Examples verbs that the -R is dropped is ger like Manger or Voyager -> Mange or Voyage
- TRAVAILLER: Je travaillais, Tu travaillais, Il travaillait, Elle travaillait, On travaillait, Nous travaillions, Vous travailliez, Ils travaillent, Elles travaillent
- MANGER: Je mangeais, Tu mangeais, Il mangeait, Elle mangeait, On mangeait, Nous mangions, Vous mangiez, Ils mangeaient, Elles mangeaient
Conjugating IR Verbs in L'imparfait
- Remove the “R” to replace them with their corresponding endings, or add for all pronouns, then L'imparfait agreements
- REFLECHIR: Je réfléchissais, Tu réfléchissais, Il réfléchissait, Elle réfléchissait, On réfléchissait , Nous réfléchissions , Vous réfléchissiez, Ils réfléchissaient , Elles réfléchissaient
Irregular Verbs in L'imparfait
- As the base for the stem, use the "nous" form (except with the verb Etre which is is irregular).
- For third groups take what’s left, then add to corresponding endings
- To identify, the present is used - but the -ONS ending is used, and the stem is used for the irregular tense for various verbs
Le Plus-que-Parfait (The Pluperfect)
- It is used to refer to a past action that happened before another past action
- In general, le plus que parfait is rarely used on its own, but often with other past tenses, either imparfait or passé composé
- To form, have and be in imparfait are used as auxiliaries such as avoir/etre
- The construction rules are subject + auxiliaries + participle tense used
Auxiliaries using Plus-que-Parfait
- Auxiliary Avoir To decide is: J’avais décidé, Tu avais décidé, Il avait décidé, Elle avait décidé, On avait décidé, Nous avions décidé, Vous aviez décidé, Ils avaient décidé, Elles avaient décidé
- Auxiliary Etre To arrive is: J’étais décidé, Tu étais décidé, Il était décidé, Elle était décidée, On était décidé[e], Nous avions décidé[e], Vous aviez décidé[es], Ils avaient décidé[es],Elles avaient décidées
- To get ready: =: Je m’étais préparé[e], Tu t’étais préparé[e],Il s’était préparé, Elle s’était préparée, On s’était préparé[e],Nous nous étions préparé[e]s, Vous vous étiez préparé[es], Ils s’étaient préparés, Elles s’étaient préparées
Rules for Agreements and Formation
- Auxiliaries are important in the correct application of the word
- Follows past formations for regular, irregular and agreement rules
Le Futur Simple
- The future is used to refer to actions that will happen in the future
- "I will go to Italy next year = J’irai en Italie l’année prochaine"
- "I will get a coffee, please = Je prendrai un café, s'il vous plaît"
- Structured with specific rules and endings
Rules for Stem Constructions
- First group Verbs take the infinitive as stem (Participer/Applaudir)
- The pattern applies to almost all group verbs and endings
- Many silent words can change in emphasis to the group verbs as spoken
Irregular Forms of Le Futur Simple
- To conjugate forms (for 3rd group), is structured into categories:
- These affect stem, structure and rules to conjugation
- Some common Irregular verbs forms
- I will go(Aller): J' irai, I will have(Avoir): J'aurai, It would have to(Falloir): il faudra, I will be(Etre): Je serai
Futur Anterieur
- Used to describe a future action that will apply before another action
- Requires rules to conjugating
Usage and Construction
- Auxiliaries are used to determine the effect and use
- The verb is in futur to use as the auxiliaries to use a complete the statement
- Rules with auxiliary are important to apply to the sentence
- (J' Aurai Marché) - I will have walked
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