Podcast
Questions and Answers
What was the main trigger for the storming of the Bastille?
What was the main trigger for the storming of the Bastille?
- The rumour that the king had ordered troops to move into the city.
- The king's order to open fire on the citizens.
- The search for arms to form a peoples' militia. (correct)
- The desire to free the seven prisoners held captive in the Bastille.
What was the symbolic significance of the Bastille?
What was the symbolic significance of the Bastille?
- It housed the king's most dangerous prisoners.
- It was the location of the royal treasury.
- It served as a symbol of French military power.
- It represented the king's oppressive power. (correct)
What was the main reason for the high price of bread in France during this period?
What was the main reason for the high price of bread in France during this period?
- The government's policy of hoarding grain to control prices.
- The French government's decision to increase the price of bread to raise revenue.
- The high cost of importing grain from other countries.
- A shortage of grain due to a bad harvest. (correct)
Why was Louis XVI's treasury empty when he ascended to the throne?
Why was Louis XVI's treasury empty when he ascended to the throne?
What was the primary reason for the French government's decision to increase taxes?
What was the primary reason for the French government's decision to increase taxes?
What was the approximate amount of debt France already had when Louis XVI came to power?
What was the approximate amount of debt France already had when Louis XVI came to power?
Why did the state have to spend an increasing percentage of its budget on interest payments?
Why did the state have to spend an increasing percentage of its budget on interest payments?
What event did the French government help finance and ultimately contribute to the growth of its debt?
What event did the French government help finance and ultimately contribute to the growth of its debt?
What happened to those accused of being enemies of the republic during the Reign of Terror?
What happened to those accused of being enemies of the republic during the Reign of Terror?
What was the significance of the guillotine during the period?
What was the significance of the guillotine during the period?
Which of the following best describes Robespierre's policies on economics?
Which of the following best describes Robespierre's policies on economics?
What term was used to replace traditional titles like 'Monsieur' and 'Madame'?
What term was used to replace traditional titles like 'Monsieur' and 'Madame'?
What was the consequence of the fall of the Jacobin government?
What was the consequence of the fall of the Jacobin government?
What was Camille Desmoulins' view on liberty as reflected in his writing?
What was Camille Desmoulins' view on liberty as reflected in his writing?
What was one of the main demands of the Society of Revolutionary and Republican Women?
What was one of the main demands of the Society of Revolutionary and Republican Women?
How did the revolutionary government initially improve women's rights?
How did the revolutionary government initially improve women's rights?
What was the outcome of Robespierre's relentless pursuit of his policies?
What was the outcome of Robespierre's relentless pursuit of his policies?
What role did women predominantly hold before the revolution?
What role did women predominantly hold before the revolution?
What political structure did the Directory consist of?
What political structure did the Directory consist of?
What was a major reason for the political instability of the Directory?
What was a major reason for the political instability of the Directory?
During the Reign of Terror, what happened to women's political clubs?
During the Reign of Terror, what happened to women's political clubs?
What was the primary aim of Olympe de Gouges' Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen?
What was the primary aim of Olympe de Gouges' Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen?
What significant outcome resulted from the Jacobin regime's decision in 1794?
What significant outcome resulted from the Jacobin regime's decision in 1794?
Which of the following best describes the attitude of Chaumette towards women's roles in society?
Which of the following best describes the attitude of Chaumette towards women's roles in society?
What year did women in France officially gain the right to vote?
What year did women in France officially gain the right to vote?
What document inspired Olympe de Gouges' activism?
What document inspired Olympe de Gouges' activism?
What was one effect of the abolition of censorship after 1789 in France?
What was one effect of the abolition of censorship after 1789 in France?
What led to the exploitation of slave labor in French colonies?
What led to the exploitation of slave labor in French colonies?
What was the primary criticism Olympe de Gouges had against the National Convention?
What was the primary criticism Olympe de Gouges had against the National Convention?
How did plantation owners view their freedom after the abolition of slavery in 1794?
How did plantation owners view their freedom after the abolition of slavery in 1794?
Which of the following rights was asserted in Olympe de Gouges' Declaration?
Which of the following rights was asserted in Olympe de Gouges' Declaration?
What was one of the key features of the slave trade that began in the seventeenth century?
What was one of the key features of the slave trade that began in the seventeenth century?
In which year did Napoleon Bonaparte crown himself as Emperor of France?
In which year did Napoleon Bonaparte crown himself as Emperor of France?
What did Olympe de Gouges mean by stating 'Woman is born free and remains equal to man in rights'?
What did Olympe de Gouges mean by stating 'Woman is born free and remains equal to man in rights'?
What was one of the main reasons for the delay in the abolition of slavery by the National Assembly?
What was one of the main reasons for the delay in the abolition of slavery by the National Assembly?
What was the significance of the broken chain symbol used in the Declaration of Rights?
What was the significance of the broken chain symbol used in the Declaration of Rights?
What was the main purpose of the 'Bundle of Rods' symbol?
What was the main purpose of the 'Bundle of Rods' symbol?
What did the 'Eye within a Triangle Radiating Light' represent in the Declaration of Rights?
What did the 'Eye within a Triangle Radiating Light' represent in the Declaration of Rights?
What event prompted the National Assembly to declare war against Prussia and Austria in 1792?
What event prompted the National Assembly to declare war against Prussia and Austria in 1792?
What was the primary reason for the formation of political clubs like the Jacobins during the French Revolution?
What was the primary reason for the formation of political clubs like the Jacobins during the French Revolution?
What was the main difference in political rights between the Constitution of 1791 and the French Republic?
What was the main difference in political rights between the Constitution of 1791 and the French Republic?
What was the symbol associated with liberty that sans-culottes men wore?
What was the symbol associated with liberty that sans-culottes men wore?
What was the immediate trigger for the storming of the Tuileries Palace in August 1792?
What was the immediate trigger for the storming of the Tuileries Palace in August 1792?
What was the major change in the political system following the storming of the Tuileries Palace?
What was the major change in the political system following the storming of the Tuileries Palace?
What distinguished the Jacobin Club from other political clubs of the time?
What distinguished the Jacobin Club from other political clubs of the time?
What was the main accusation leveled against Louis XVI that led to his trial and execution?
What was the main accusation leveled against Louis XVI that led to his trial and execution?
What period during the French Revolution was known as the "Reign of Terror"?
What period during the French Revolution was known as the "Reign of Terror"?
What was the main political philosophy adopted by Robespierre during the Reign of Terror?
What was the main political philosophy adopted by Robespierre during the Reign of Terror?
What was a key characteristic of the sans-culottes, a group of revolutionary activists?
What was a key characteristic of the sans-culottes, a group of revolutionary activists?
What was the primary role of women during the French Revolution?
What was the primary role of women during the French Revolution?
What was the significance of the Marseillaise song during the French Revolution?
What was the significance of the Marseillaise song during the French Revolution?
Which of the following groups enjoyed exemption from paying taxes to the state in France during the Old Regime?
Which of the following groups enjoyed exemption from paying taxes to the state in France during the Old Regime?
What was the primary source of income for the nobility under the French feudal system?
What was the primary source of income for the nobility under the French feudal system?
What was the main reason for the rapid rise in the price of bread in France during the 18th century?
What was the main reason for the rapid rise in the price of bread in France during the 18th century?
Which of the following groups is NOT considered part of the burgeoning middle class in 18th century France?
Which of the following groups is NOT considered part of the burgeoning middle class in 18th century France?
What was the main argument of John Locke's Two Treatises of Government?
What was the main argument of John Locke's Two Treatises of Government?
What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau propose in his political philosophy?
What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau propose in his political philosophy?
What was the main argument of Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws?
What was the main argument of Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws?
How did the ideas of Enlightenment philosophers like John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Montesquieu spread among the French people?
How did the ideas of Enlightenment philosophers like John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Montesquieu spread among the French people?
What was the primary reason for Louis XVI's decision to increase taxes?
What was the primary reason for Louis XVI's decision to increase taxes?
Which of the following BEST describes the response of the French people to Louis XVI's proposed tax increases?
Which of the following BEST describes the response of the French people to Louis XVI's proposed tax increases?
What was one of the major challenges facing the French peasantry during the 18th century?
What was one of the major challenges facing the French peasantry during the 18th century?
What did Arthur Young observe about the conditions of slaves in France?
What did Arthur Young observe about the conditions of slaves in France?
Which of the following contributed to the widening gap between rich and poor in France during the 18th century?
Which of the following contributed to the widening gap between rich and poor in France during the 18th century?
What is the significance of the term "Old Regime" when referring to France?
What is the significance of the term "Old Regime" when referring to France?
What was one of the key factors that led to the French Revolution?
What was one of the key factors that led to the French Revolution?
How did the American Revolution influence political thinkers in France?
How did the American Revolution influence political thinkers in France?
What was the main motivation for the middle class in France to advocate for an end to privileges?
What was the main motivation for the middle class in France to advocate for an end to privileges?
What role did Napoleon see himself fulfilling in Europe?
What role did Napoleon see himself fulfilling in Europe?
How were Napoleonic armies initially perceived by the people of Europe?
How were Napoleonic armies initially perceived by the people of Europe?
What significant governance change occurred in France in 1792-93?
What significant governance change occurred in France in 1792-93?
What idea did Raja Rammohan Roy draw inspiration from?
What idea did Raja Rammohan Roy draw inspiration from?
What was one of Napoleon's lasting impacts on Europe following his defeat?
What was one of Napoleon's lasting impacts on Europe following his defeat?
Which event marked the end of Napoleon's rule?
Which event marked the end of Napoleon's rule?
Which of the following measures was NOT introduced by Napoleon?
Which of the following measures was NOT introduced by Napoleon?
Which individual's enthusiasm was sparked by the events of the July Revolution in France?
Which individual's enthusiasm was sparked by the events of the July Revolution in France?
What was the primary purpose of the Estates General in France during the Old Regime?
What was the primary purpose of the Estates General in France during the Old Regime?
What change did the third estate demand concerning the voting process in the Estates General?
What change did the third estate demand concerning the voting process in the Estates General?
What was the significance of the Tennis Court Oath taken by the representatives of the third estate?
What was the significance of the Tennis Court Oath taken by the representatives of the third estate?
What was one of the main grievances expressed by members of the third estate during the assembly?
What was one of the main grievances expressed by members of the third estate during the assembly?
What was a key outcome of the National Assembly’s actions on the night of 4 August 1789?
What was a key outcome of the National Assembly’s actions on the night of 4 August 1789?
Which article of the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen emphasizes equality?
Which article of the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen emphasizes equality?
What demographic was specifically excluded from the assembly during the Estates General gathering?
What demographic was specifically excluded from the assembly during the Estates General gathering?
What role did Louis XVI play regarding the National Assembly?
What role did Louis XVI play regarding the National Assembly?
What was a direct consequence of the bad harvests experienced before the Revolution?
What was a direct consequence of the bad harvests experienced before the Revolution?
Which influential pamphlet was written by Abbé Sieyès?
Which influential pamphlet was written by Abbé Sieyès?
How was the French government structured according to the Constitution of 1791?
How was the French government structured according to the Constitution of 1791?
Who were classified as 'active citizens' under the Constitution of 1791?
Who were classified as 'active citizens' under the Constitution of 1791?
What event symbolized the violent uprising against the monarchy on 14 July?
What event symbolized the violent uprising against the monarchy on 14 July?
What was a significant influence on the development of democratic principles during the Revolution?
What was a significant influence on the development of democratic principles during the Revolution?
What were the effects of the Assembly's decision to confiscate Church lands?
What were the effects of the Assembly's decision to confiscate Church lands?
What was one of the main demands of the third estate regarding voting in the Estates General?
What was one of the main demands of the third estate regarding voting in the Estates General?
Who were the two prominent leaders of the third estate who led the formation of the National Assembly?
Who were the two prominent leaders of the third estate who led the formation of the National Assembly?
What was the main purpose of the National Assembly?
What was the main purpose of the National Assembly?
What was the name of the influential pamphlet written by Abbé Sieyès?
What was the name of the influential pamphlet written by Abbé Sieyès?
What were the major repercussions of the storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789?
What were the major repercussions of the storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789?
What was the main reason for the uprising in the countryside after the storming of the Bastille?
What was the main reason for the uprising in the countryside after the storming of the Bastille?
What did the National Assembly decree on the night of 4 August 1789?
What did the National Assembly decree on the night of 4 August 1789?
What did the Constitution of 1791 establish in terms of government structure?
What did the Constitution of 1791 establish in terms of government structure?
Which of the following was NOT a right included in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?
Which of the following was NOT a right included in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?
What was Jean-Paul Marat's primary concern regarding the Constitution of 1791?
What was Jean-Paul Marat's primary concern regarding the Constitution of 1791?
What was the main consequence of the Assembly's decision to abolish feudalism and confiscate Church lands?
What was the main consequence of the Assembly's decision to abolish feudalism and confiscate Church lands?
Who was allowed to vote under the Constitution of 1791?
Who was allowed to vote under the Constitution of 1791?
What was the major event that marked the end of the monarchy in France and the beginning of the First French Republic?
What was the major event that marked the end of the monarchy in France and the beginning of the First French Republic?
What did the National Assembly aim to achieve by drafting a new constitution?
What did the National Assembly aim to achieve by drafting a new constitution?
What role did Mirabeau play during the French Revolution?
What role did Mirabeau play during the French Revolution?
What sparked the people of Paris to storm the Bastille on July 14, 1789?
What sparked the people of Paris to storm the Bastille on July 14, 1789?
Which of these conditions contributed to the French financial crisis under Louis XVI?
Which of these conditions contributed to the French financial crisis under Louis XVI?
How did the financial crisis affect the French government?
How did the financial crisis affect the French government?
What event did the French government help finance, contributing significantly to its growing debt?
What event did the French government help finance, contributing significantly to its growing debt?
Which of these best describes the state of the French government's treasury when Louis XVI came to power?
Which of these best describes the state of the French government's treasury when Louis XVI came to power?
What did the storming of the Bastille symbolize for the French people?
What did the storming of the Bastille symbolize for the French people?
The storming of the Bastille was a significant turning point for the French Revolution for which of the following reasons?
The storming of the Bastille was a significant turning point for the French Revolution for which of the following reasons?
What significant change did Napoleon introduce in Europe?
What significant change did Napoleon introduce in Europe?
How did the perception of Napoleon shift over time?
How did the perception of Napoleon shift over time?
What legacy did the French Revolution leave in Europe during the nineteenth century?
What legacy did the French Revolution leave in Europe during the nineteenth century?
Which historical event marked Napoleon's defeat?
Which historical event marked Napoleon's defeat?
What actions did Tipu Sultan and Rammohan Roy take in response to European revolutionary ideas?
What actions did Tipu Sultan and Rammohan Roy take in response to European revolutionary ideas?
What was the primary role that Raja Rammohan Roy played during the Bengal Renaissance?
What was the primary role that Raja Rammohan Roy played during the Bengal Renaissance?
Which year marked the establishment of the National Assembly in France?
Which year marked the establishment of the National Assembly in France?
What change occurred in France as a result of Napoleon’s conquests?
What change occurred in France as a result of Napoleon’s conquests?
What was the main reason for the rise in bread prices in France during the Old Regime?
What was the main reason for the rise in bread prices in France during the Old Regime?
Which of these groups did NOT benefit from the system of privileges in the Old Regime?
Which of these groups did NOT benefit from the system of privileges in the Old Regime?
What was the main consequence of the system of privileges under the Old Regime?
What was the main consequence of the system of privileges under the Old Regime?
What were tithes?
What were tithes?
What was the primary reason for the growing discontent among the middle class in the 18th century?
What was the primary reason for the growing discontent among the middle class in the 18th century?
What was the main idea behind the social contract theory as proposed by Jean-Jacques Rousseau?
What was the main idea behind the social contract theory as proposed by Jean-Jacques Rousseau?
How did the American Revolution influence political thought in France?
How did the American Revolution influence political thought in France?
What was the main criticism of the Old Regime by the middle class?
What was the main criticism of the Old Regime by the middle class?
How did the 'subsistence crisis' affect the situation in France?
How did the 'subsistence crisis' affect the situation in France?
What was the primary reason for the rise of the middle class in the 18th century?
What was the primary reason for the rise of the middle class in the 18th century?
Which of the following thinkers advocated for a separation of powers within the government?
Which of the following thinkers advocated for a separation of powers within the government?
Why did the French government's attempt to impose further taxes lead to anger and protests?
Why did the French government's attempt to impose further taxes lead to anger and protests?
How were the ideas of the Enlightenment philosophers spread among the French people?
How were the ideas of the Enlightenment philosophers spread among the French people?
What was the main advantage that the middle class possessed that helped them to challenge the Old Regime?
What was the main advantage that the middle class possessed that helped them to challenge the Old Regime?
What does liberty consist of according to the declaration of rights?
What does liberty consist of according to the declaration of rights?
What do broken chains symbolize in the context of the revolution?
What do broken chains symbolize in the context of the revolution?
What role did the Jacobins play during the revolution?
What role did the Jacobins play during the revolution?
What significant change occurred as a result of the September 21, 1792, elections?
What significant change occurred as a result of the September 21, 1792, elections?
Who was the leader of the Jacobin Club?
Who was the leader of the Jacobin Club?
What immediate action did the Jacobins take during the insurrection on August 10?
What immediate action did the Jacobins take during the insurrection on August 10?
What symbol represented eternity in the revolutionary context?
What symbol represented eternity in the revolutionary context?
How did the revolutionary government initially affect women's rights?
How did the revolutionary government initially affect women's rights?
What led to the execution of Louis XVI?
What led to the execution of Louis XVI?
What did the red Phrygian cap symbolize during the revolution?
What did the red Phrygian cap symbolize during the revolution?
What characterized the Reign of Terror?
What characterized the Reign of Terror?
What type of tax was deemed necessary for maintaining public force and administration?
What type of tax was deemed necessary for maintaining public force and administration?
What does it mean that 'the law has the right to forbid only actions that are injurious to society'?
What does it mean that 'the law has the right to forbid only actions that are injurious to society'?
Who were the sans-culottes?
Who were the sans-culottes?
What happened to individuals accused of being enemies of the republic during the Reign of Terror?
What happened to individuals accused of being enemies of the republic during the Reign of Terror?
What was the purpose of the Directory in France after the fall of the Jacobin government?
What was the purpose of the Directory in France after the fall of the Jacobin government?
Why did Camille Desmoulins criticize the use of the guillotine?
Why did Camille Desmoulins criticize the use of the guillotine?
Which economic measures did Robespierre's government impose?
Which economic measures did Robespierre's government impose?
What change did women experience regarding marriage during the revolutionary period?
What change did women experience regarding marriage during the revolutionary period?
What was the fate of women’s political clubs during the Reign of Terror?
What was the fate of women’s political clubs during the Reign of Terror?
Which term replaced traditional forms of address like 'Monsieur' and 'Madame'?
Which term replaced traditional forms of address like 'Monsieur' and 'Madame'?
What was Robespierre’s view on the use of terror during a revolution?
What was Robespierre’s view on the use of terror during a revolution?
How did the revolutionary government address women's access to education?
How did the revolutionary government address women's access to education?
What ideology remained inspiring for political movements in France following the changes in the government?
What ideology remained inspiring for political movements in France following the changes in the government?
What did the revolutionary women hope to achieve through their political involvement?
What did the revolutionary women hope to achieve through their political involvement?
What was a significant outcome of the political instability of the Directory?
What was a significant outcome of the political instability of the Directory?
What was the reaction to Robespierre’s relentless pursuit of his policies?
What was the reaction to Robespierre’s relentless pursuit of his policies?
What was Olympe de Gouges' primary criticism of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?
What was Olympe de Gouges' primary criticism of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?
What was the main justification Chaumette used to defend the closure of women’s clubs in 1793?
What was the main justification Chaumette used to defend the closure of women’s clubs in 1793?
Which of the following rights was NOT explicitly stated in Olympe de Gouges' Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen?
Which of the following rights was NOT explicitly stated in Olympe de Gouges' Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen?
What was the primary reason for the delay in the abolition of slavery by the National Assembly?
What was the primary reason for the delay in the abolition of slavery by the National Assembly?
What was the main consequence of the abolition of censorship in France after 1789?
What was the main consequence of the abolition of censorship in France after 1789?
Which of the following events directly led to the execution of Olympe de Gouges?
Which of the following events directly led to the execution of Olympe de Gouges?
What was the main argument that Olympe de Gouges used to justify the inclusion of women in the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen?
What was the main argument that Olympe de Gouges used to justify the inclusion of women in the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen?
What was the main reason for the shortage of labor on the plantations in the French Caribbean colonies?
What was the main reason for the shortage of labor on the plantations in the French Caribbean colonies?
Based on the content, what was the primary role that Olympe de Gouges envisioned for women in society?
Based on the content, what was the primary role that Olympe de Gouges envisioned for women in society?
What was one of the main reasons for the reluctance of the European merchants to go and work in the distant and unfamiliar French colonies in the Caribbean?
What was one of the main reasons for the reluctance of the European merchants to go and work in the distant and unfamiliar French colonies in the Caribbean?
How did the Revolutionary governments in France translate the ideals of liberty and equality into everyday practice?
How did the Revolutionary governments in France translate the ideals of liberty and equality into everyday practice?
What was one of the main arguments used by the French government to justify the continuation of slavery?
What was one of the main arguments used by the French government to justify the continuation of slavery?
What was the primary motivation for the slave trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas?
What was the primary motivation for the slave trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas?
What did Olympe de Gouges mean when she stated 'Woman is born free and remains equal to man in rights'?
What did Olympe de Gouges mean when she stated 'Woman is born free and remains equal to man in rights'?
What event was considered to be a significant turning point for the abolition of slavery in the French colonies?
What event was considered to be a significant turning point for the abolition of slavery in the French colonies?
What was one of the main concerns raised by Olympe de Gouges regarding the Jacobin government?
What was one of the main concerns raised by Olympe de Gouges regarding the Jacobin government?
Flashcards
Storming of the Bastille
Storming of the Bastille
An armed revolt on 14 July 1789, where citizens attacked the prison, symbolizing resistance against royal authority.
Louis XVI
Louis XVI
King of France from 1774 to 1792, whose reign was marked by financial crises and ultimately led to his execution.
Marie Antoinette
Marie Antoinette
Austrian princess married to Louis XVI, often blamed for France's financial woes and public discontent.
Financial Crisis
Financial Crisis
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Bourbon Family
Bourbon Family
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Versailles
Versailles
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Taxation Increase
Taxation Increase
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Execution of the King
Execution of the King
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Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon Bonaparte
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Legacies of the French Revolution
Legacies of the French Revolution
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Raja Rammohan Roy
Raja Rammohan Roy
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Napoleon's Defeat at Waterloo
Napoleon's Defeat at Waterloo
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Impact of Napoleonic Wars
Impact of Napoleonic Wars
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Colonial Responses to Freedom
Colonial Responses to Freedom
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Constitution of 1791
Constitution of 1791
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Estates General and National Assembly
Estates General and National Assembly
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Estates General
Estates General
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Three Estates
Three Estates
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Third Estate
Third Estate
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National Assembly
National Assembly
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Tennis Court Oath
Tennis Court Oath
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Active Citizens
Active Citizens
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Passive Citizens
Passive Citizens
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Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
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Jean-Paul Marat
Jean-Paul Marat
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Feudal System Abolition
Feudal System Abolition
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Natural Rights
Natural Rights
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Rousseau's Influence
Rousseau's Influence
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Bastille Storming
Bastille Storming
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Sovereignty
Sovereignty
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Liberty
Liberty
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Equal Protection Under Law
Equal Protection Under Law
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Legal Rights
Legal Rights
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Free Speech
Free Speech
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Taxation Principle
Taxation Principle
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Property Rights
Property Rights
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Political Symbols
Political Symbols
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Marseillaise
Marseillaise
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Jacobin Club
Jacobin Club
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Sans-Culottes
Sans-Culottes
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Reign of Terror
Reign of Terror
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Abolishment of Monarchy
Abolishment of Monarchy
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Louis XVI Execution
Louis XVI Execution
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Old Regime
Old Regime
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Feudal Privileges
Feudal Privileges
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Tithe
Tithe
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Subsistence Crisis
Subsistence Crisis
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Middle Class
Middle Class
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Philosophers' Ideas
Philosophers' Ideas
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Social Contract
Social Contract
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Montesquieu's Division of Power
Montesquieu's Division of Power
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Salons and Coffee-Houses
Salons and Coffee-Houses
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Louis XVI's Tax Policy
Louis XVI's Tax Policy
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Danton's Experience
Danton's Experience
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Arthur Young's Observations
Arthur Young's Observations
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Tax Burden
Tax Burden
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Guillotine
Guillotine
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Robespierre
Robespierre
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Maxim on prices
Maxim on prices
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Citoyen/Citoyenne
Citoyen/Citoyenne
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Directory
Directory
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Political instability
Political instability
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Liberty in Revolution
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Women in revolution
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Society of Revolutionary and Republican Women
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Marriage laws
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Divorce rights
Divorce rights
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Women's political clubs closure
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Legacy of women’s rights
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International Suffrage Movement
International Suffrage Movement
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Olympe de Gouges
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Basic Rights in Declaration
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Jacobin Government
Jacobin Government
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Closure of Women’s Clubs
Closure of Women’s Clubs
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Abolition of Slavery
Abolition of Slavery
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Slave Trade
Slave Trade
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National Assembly Debates
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Napoleon's Role in Slavery
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Abolition of Censorship
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Freedom of the Press
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Cultural Changes Post-Revolution
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Napoleon as Emperor
Napoleon as Emperor
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Role of Printed Material
Role of Printed Material
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Bastille
Bastille
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Louis XVI's Debt
Louis XVI's Debt
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People's Militia
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Financial Resources
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Tax Increase Causes
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Marie Antoinette's Impact
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Public Protests
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Demand for Foodgrains
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Danton's Frustration
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Population Growth (1715-1789)
Population Growth (1715-1789)
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General Will
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Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
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Mirabeau
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Abbé Sieyès
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Abolition of the Feudal System
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Louis XVI's Recognition of the National Assembly
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Voting Principle in Estates General
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Revolutionary Tribunal
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Pain d’égalité
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Women’s Rights Demands
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New Marriage Laws
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Liberty Debate
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Robespierre’s Policies
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Napoleon Bonaparte's Rise
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Napoleon as Modernizer
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Revolutionary Legacy
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Impact of Napoleonic Armies
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Abolition of Slavery in 1794
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Censorship Abolition
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Revolutionary Changes in Daily Life
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Political Activities of Women
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Resistance to Oppression
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Natural Rights Assertion
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Study Notes
The French Revolution: Overview
- Uprising fueled by discontent and economic hardship in 1789, culminating in the execution of Louis XVI.
- Initial spark was the storming of the Bastille, a symbol of royal authority. Rumors of impending royal army action, coupled with bread shortages and high prices, fueled unrest.
- A significant event where 7,000 Parisians formed a militia, attacking government buildings to acquire weapons, then the Bastille.
- The Bastille, hated for its oppressive symbolism, was demolished.
- This event marked the beginning of a series of events that ultimately led to the king's execution.
French Society in the Late 18th Century
- Louis XVI, a young king, inherited a heavily indebted France burdened by war debts, extravagant court life, and aid to the American colonies.
- French society was divided into three estates: clergy, nobility, and commoners (Third Estate).
- Only the Third Estate paid taxes, creating a significant burden on the poorest classes. Nobles and clergy enjoyed tax exemptions and feudal privileges like feudal dues and labor services.
- Peasants, comprising approximately 90% of the population, largely did not own the land they cultivated, with nobles, the Church, and richer members of the Third Estate controlling a significant portion.
- The Church collected tithes, while the Third Estate also paid direct and indirect taxes on goods like salt and tobacco.
The Struggle for Survival
- Growing population and food shortages led to rising bread prices and widespread poverty.
- Workers faced stagnant wages despite rising prices, worsening during droughts or crop failures, creating widespread subsistence crises.
- These crises fueled social unrest and significant grievances.
Emergence of the Middle Class
- The middle class (bourgeoisie) gained wealth through trade and manufacturing.
- Educated and increasingly resentful of privileges based on birth, members of the middle class advocated for equality and meritocracy, influenced by Enlightenment thinkers Locke, Rousseau, and Montesquieu.
- Their ideals fueled unrest against existing inequalities. Ideas were disseminated through salons, coffee houses, and printed materials.
Outbreak of the Revolution
- Louis XVI called the Estates-General to address the financial crisis; however, the voting system favored the privileged classes.
- The Third Estate declared itself the National Assembly, demanding a written constitution to limit the monarchy's powers.
- Popular unrest intensified in Paris and the countryside, exacerbated by bad harvests, rumors of aristocratic plots, and increasing bread prices.
- The storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, symbolized the people's revolt against royal authority.
- Peasants attacked manor houses, looting grain and burning records of feudal dues—further intensifying the upheaval.
France Becomes a Constitutional Monarchy
- Louis XVI recognized the National Assembly and agreed to a constitutional monarchy.
- The 1791 Constitution established a legislative, executive, and judicial system, limiting the monarch's authority and establishing basic rights.
- Voting rights were limited to male taxpayers.
France Abolishes Monarchy and Becomes a Republic
- War with Prussia and Austria exposed social and economic shortcomings, further fueling instability and discontent.
- The monarchy was abolished, France declared a republic, and the king was executed.
- This transition, driven by popular uprisings, followed escalating conflict and distrust.
The Reign of Terror
- The Jacobins, led by Robespierre, took control, implementing a policy of extreme control and punishment, targeting perceived enemies of the republic through execution by guillotine.
- Extreme measures were taken to enforce equality, including wage and price controls and rationing of goods.
A Directory Rules France
- The wealthy middle class seized power, creating a Directory as an executive branch.
- This period saw significant political instability and the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Women in the Revolution
- Women actively participated in revolutionary events, hoping for improved living conditions.
- They formed political clubs advocating for their rights, including the right to vote and hold political office.
- The Reign of Terror saw the closure of women's clubs and arrests/executions of prominent women.
- Some advancements were made concerning legal rights and education.
Abolition of Slavery
- France's colonies in the Caribbean relied heavily on enslaved labor for commodities like sugar.
- The Jacobin regime abolished slavery in 1794, a short-lived measure that was ultimately reversed. Opposition from colonial powers who benefited from enslaved labor resulted in the overturning of this measure.
Revolution and Everyday Life
- The revolution transformed daily life, abolishing censorship and allowing for diverse political views in books, newspapers, and other printed materials.
- The public sphere expanded and facilitated the open expression of ideas.
- Changes in attire and language also reflected the revolutionary spirit.
Conclusion
- Napoleon Bonaparte's rise and eventual defeat marked a period of substantial transformations in France.
- The revolution's influence extended widely, impacting political movements in Europe and beyond.
- The ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity continued to shape political thought after the revolution.
Important Dates
- 1774: Louis XVI becomes king.
- 1789: Estates-General convened, Bastille stormed.
- 1791: Constitution established.
- 1792-93: Republic declared, King executed.
- 1804: Napoleon becomes Emperor.
- 1815: Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo.
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