French Revolution Causes

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Questions and Answers

Which Enlightenment thinker wrote a pamphlet that provided a powerful argument for American independence?

Adam Smith

Denis Diderot

King Louis XVI

Thomas Paine (correct)

What was the main goal of the Estates General, called by King Louis XVI in 1789?

To worsen France's financial crisis

To create a constitutional system (correct)

To establish an absolute monarchy

To abolish the rights of landlords

What was the main idea behind the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen?

To abolish the National Assembly

To grant rights only to the nobility

To proclaim freedom, equality, and fraternity for all men (correct)

To establish a limited monarchy

Who led the Committee of Public Safety during the Reign of Terror?

Maximilien Robespierre Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the French Revolution's National Convention?

The execution of King Louis XVI Signup and view all the answers

What was the main characteristic of the Directory government established by the Constitution of 1795?

A bicameral legislative with separation of powers Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the French Revolution on nationalism in France?

An increase in nationalism, allowing France to grow a large army quickly Signup and view all the answers

What was the main consequence of Napoleon's military takeover of the government?

The establishment of a dictatorship with Napoleon as the ruler Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Battle of Waterloo?

The defeat of Napoleon and the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy Signup and view all the answers

Who wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Women, which was ignored by the National Assembly?

Olympe de Gouges Signup and view all the answers

Which social class comprised 98% of the French population and had to pay taxes?

Commoners Signup and view all the answers

What was a major consequence of the French economy's inflation?

Unemployment and food shortages Signup and view all the answers

Which Enlightenment thinker's ideas on natural rights and social contract theory influenced the American Revolution?

John Locke Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of the French nobility?

They were the largest social class Signup and view all the answers

Who among the Enlightenment thinkers advocated for women's rights and equality?

Mary Wollstonecraft Signup and view all the answers

What was a major influence of the American Revolution on the French Revolution?

The influence of Enlightenment ideas Signup and view all the answers

Who among the Enlightenment thinkers contributed to the development of Enlightenment rationalism through their scientific discoveries?

Isaac Newton Signup and view all the answers

What was a characteristic of the French clergy during the French Revolution?

They comprised 5% of the population and were not taxed Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following states was not part of the Austrian Empire?

France Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of the Revolutions of 1848?

Largely failed to secure lasting change Signup and view all the answers

Who was elected as the President of France during the 2nd Republic?

Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Frankfurt Assembly?

To prepare a Constitution for a new united Germany Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Crimean War?

Britain and France declared war on Russia Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Franco-Prussian War?

Prussia took Paris Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Austro-Prussian War?

Prussia emerged victorious Signup and view all the answers

What was the Ausgleich Compromise of 1867?

A compromise that created a dual Austrian and Hungarian monarchy Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of Otto von Bismarck?

He was the architect of German unification Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of the Italian unification movement?

The unification of the Italian states under the Kingdom of Piedmont Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for Napoleon's defeat in the Russian Campaign of 1812?

The harsh winter and scorched earth tactics led to massive losses Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of the Congress of Vienna?

To create a balance of power among European nations after Napoleon's defeat Signup and view all the answers

What was the main belief of Conservatives in the 19th century?

That the status quo should be maintained and preserved Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Tolpuddle Martyrs?

They were a group of workers who protested low wages and formed a trade union Signup and view all the answers

What was the main outcome of the Revolutions of 1848 in France?

The establishment of the Second Republic with universal male suffrage Signup and view all the answers

Who was the leader of the Congress of Vienna?

Klemens von Metternich Signup and view all the answers

What was the main idea behind Adam Smith's concept of the 'invisible hand'?

That the market will naturally regulate itself to achieve efficiency and prosperity Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for the formation of the Sixth Coalition?

To overthrow Napoleon and restore European power Signup and view all the answers

What was the main goal of the Peninsular War?

To defeat Napoleon and restore Spanish independence Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary outcome of the Revolutions of 1830?

The overthrow of the Bourbon monarchy and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy Signup and view all the answers

Which European country had the largest West African empire?

France Signup and view all the answers

What was the consequence for China in the Treaty?

China had to hand over 21 million ounces of silver and pay for the war Signup and view all the answers

What was the main characteristic of Direct Rule?

Local rulers were removed and replaced with foreign officials Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind Marxism?

Government is an instrument of the ruling class Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Congress of Berlin in 1878?

The map of Africa was redrawn and territories were divided among European powers Signup and view all the answers

What was the main goal of the 2nd International?

To unite national socialist groups to fight against capitalism worldwide Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of Realism in art?

Depiction of everyday life and society with accuracy and objectivity Signup and view all the answers

What was the event in which an estimated 800,000 people, primarily Tutsis, were killed?

The Genocide in Rwanda Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind Zionism?

The establishment of a Jewish homeland in the historic land of Israel Signup and view all the answers

What was the name of the revolutionary organization that assassinated Tsar Alexander II in 1881?

The People's Will Signup and view all the answers

Which artist is known for his dark and emotional works?

Francisco Goya Signup and view all the answers

Which European country colonized Libya?

Italy Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of Economic Zone 1?

Advanced industrialized core with better education Signup and view all the answers

What was the main idea behind Rudyard Kipling's poem 'The White Man's Burden'?

That European powers had a moral duty to civilize non-Western territories Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Battle of Omdurman?

A British massacre with 28 British dead and 11,000 Sudanese dead Signup and view all the answers

Who organized the British suffragette movement?

Emmeline Pankhurst Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Russo-Japanese War?

A decisive Japanese victory Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the French colonization in Indochina?

The creation of the Union of French Indochina Signup and view all the answers

Who wrote the Communist Manifesto?

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels Signup and view all the answers

What was the main idea behind the Pan-German League?

Uniting all German-speaking peoples into a single nation-state Signup and view all the answers

What was the main idea behind Sir Frederick Lugard's book 'The Dual Mandate'?

Emphasizing the responsibility to govern colonized territories for the benefit of both the colonizers and the indigenous populations Signup and view all the answers

What was Charles Darwin famous for?

Developing the theory of evolution through natural selection Signup and view all the answers

What did Mohandas Gandhi believe in?

Nonviolent resistance Signup and view all the answers

What was Aurobindo Ghose?

An Indian philosopher and nationalist leader Signup and view all the answers

What was the Muslim League?

A political party in British India advocating for the interests of Muslims Signup and view all the answers

What was the Sepoy Mutiny?

A rebellion by Indian soldiers against British East India Company rule Signup and view all the answers

Who developed the theory of psychoanalysis?

Sigmund Freud Signup and view all the answers

What was the main consequence of the growth of massive armies after 1900?

The outbreak of a full-scale war in Europe Signup and view all the answers

What was the rise of European anti-Semitism driven by?

Economic, social, and political factors Signup and view all the answers

What was the name of the alliance formed in 1882 between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy?

The Triple Alliance Signup and view all the answers

Who is considered the father of modern Zionism?

Theodore Herzl Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the long-term causes of World War I?

The rise of nationalism Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Battle of Tannenberg?

A decisive German victory Signup and view all the answers

What was a characteristic of trench warfare on the Western Front?

Stagnant warfare with little movement Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Battle of the Marne?

A strategic Allied victory Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Battle of the Somme?

It was one of the bloodiest battles in history Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Battle of Gallipoli?

An Ottoman Empire victory Signup and view all the answers

Which region was the site of a fierce battle in 1914 that ended with Germany gaining land?

Galicia Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand?

It led to the outbreak of World War I Signup and view all the answers

What was the characteristic of warfare on the Eastern Front?

Mobile warfare over large distances Signup and view all the answers

Which group of soldiers fought for the Allies in World War I?

Anzacs Signup and view all the answers

What was the name of the ship that was sunk by Germany, leading to the United States' entry into World War I?

Lusitania Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Battle of Jutland?

It was an indecisive naval battle Signup and view all the answers

What was the main promise of the Bolshevik Party during the Russian Revolution?

To transfer power to the Soviets Signup and view all the answers

Who was the leader of the Bolshevik Party during the Russian Revolution?

Vladimir Lenin Signup and view all the answers

What was the name of the peace plan proposed by Woodrow Wilson?

14 Point Peace Plan Signup and view all the answers

Who was the Prime Minister of Italy during World War I?

Vittorio Orlando Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Russian Revolution of 1917?

The rise of the Bolsheviks to power Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following leaders is credited with pursuing economic expansion and building a large army in Piedmont?

Count Camillo di Cavour Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for the Industrial Revolution taking place in Britain?

They had a state of peace and had a lot of natural resources. Signup and view all the answers

What was the name of the telegram that showed Germany asking Mexico to declare war on the United States?

Zimmerman Telegram Signup and view all the answers

What was the name of the Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary?

Francis Joseph Signup and view all the answers

What was the main consequence of the war on the home fronts of Europe?

A decline in public morale as the war dragged on Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of Tsar Alexander II's reforms?

To modernize and reform Russia after the Crimean War. Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of the Industrial Revolution on the population of London?

The population of London increased significantly. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following industries was not a key industry of the Industrial Revolution?

Agriculture Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary role of electricity in the Industrial Revolution?

It was used to generate heat and light. Signup and view all the answers

Who invented the steam engine?

James Watt Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary result of the Opium War?

The Chinese society was threatened by the spread of opium. Signup and view all the answers

What was the main difference between Zone 1 and Zone 2?

Zone 1 was primarily industrial, while Zone 2 was agricultural. Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason for the failure of the League of Nations?

Lack of military power Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of Germany's inability to make reparation payments?

The French seized German assets Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Dawes Plan?

To restructure Germany's reparation payments Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Kellogg-Briand Pact?

It outlawed war as an instrument of national policy Signup and view all the answers

What was the cause of the Great Depression in Europe?

Overproduction of agricultural and industrial products Signup and view all the answers

What was the concept of deficit spending proposed by John Maynard Keynes?

Increasing government spending to stimulate economic growth Signup and view all the answers

What was the main goal of the New Deal?

To create a welfare system and stimulate economic growth Signup and view all the answers

What was the main ideology of Adolf Hitler?

Extreme German nationalism and Anti-Semitism Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of the French occupation of the Ruhr Valley?

The German people resisted the occupation and went on strike Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Treaty of Locarno?

The guarantee of Germany's new western border Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of Benito Mussolini's policies in Italy?

To partner with the Catholic Church and industrial class to maintain power Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Munich Conference in 1938?

It allowed Nazi Germany to annex the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union?

He was the leader of the Communist Party and transformed the Soviet economy Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the turning point of Midway Island in 1942?

It gave the Americans control of the air and turned the tide of the war in the Pacific Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931?

The League of Nations condemned Japan's actions and Japan withdrew from the League Signup and view all the answers

What was the characteristic of a totalitarian government?

It aims to control not only the political side of life, but also the economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Non-Aggression Pact between the Soviet Union and Germany?

It put plans to conquer Siberia on hold Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Holocaust during World War II?

It was a genocide of six million Jews and millions of others by Nazi Germany Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Anschluss in 1938?

It was the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Battle of Stalingrad in 1942?

It was a turning point in the war on the Eastern Front, giving the Soviet Union the upper hand Signup and view all the answers

What was the main idea behind the Japanese slogan 'Asia for the Asiatics'?

Promoting Asian self-rule while seeking Japanese dominance Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Battle of Britain?

Hitler had to scrap his plans for an invasion of Britain Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki?

Japan surrendered, and the war ended quickly Signup and view all the answers

What was the main goal of George Kennan's 'containment' policy?

To contain communist expansion and prevent further Soviet aggression Signup and view all the answers

What was the main characteristic of the Cold War?

A geopolitical tension marked by rivalry but no direct large-scale conflict Signup and view all the answers

What was the main role of NATO in the Cold War?

A military alliance formed to counter the Soviet Union's Warsaw Pact Signup and view all the answers

What was the main outcome of the Cuban Missile Crisis?

The Soviet Union agreed to remove its nuclear missiles from Cuba Signup and view all the answers

What was the main goal of Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms?

To promote radical reforms based on perestroika and glasnost Signup and view all the answers

What was the policy of Ethnic Cleansing, as practiced by the Serbs?

A policy of forced removals and killings of Bosnians Signup and view all the answers

Who replaced Boris Yeltsin as president of Russia in 2000?

Vladimir Putin Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Napoleon's Defeat

Russian Campaign (1812): Massive losses due to harsh winter and scorched earth tactics
Peninsular War: Drained resources and manpower with British and guerrilla resistance
Sixth Coalition: Unified European powers overwhelmed French forces
Battle of Leipzig (1813): Major defeat with significant loss of troops
Invasion of France (1814): Coalition forces invaded France, leading to Napoleon's abdication

19th Century Ideologies

Conservatism:
- Maintain the status quo
- Favor obedience to established authority (political and religious)
- Oppose revolutions, individual rights, and representative government
Liberalism:
- Willing to accept changes to the status quo
- Believe people should be free from restraint
- Born from Enlightenment ideals and American and French Revolutions
- Common beliefs: protection of civil liberties, written documents to guarantee rights, religious toleration, separation of church and state, and representative government

Congress of Vienna

Austria, Prussia, and Russia met to establish a peace plan for Europe after Napoleon's defeat
Principle of Intervention: Right of great powers to send armies to crush revolutions and restore legitimate monarchs to power
Principle of Legitimacy: Restore lawful hereditary monarchs to power to maintain peace and stability in Europe

Key Figures

Adam Smith:
- Father of modern economics
- Authored "The Wealth of Nations" (1776)
- Introduced the concept of the "invisible hand" and advocated for specialization and division of labor
Klemens von Metternich: Austrian foreign minister and leader of the Congress of Vienna

Revolutions and Nationalism

Revolutions of 1830:
- France: Liberals and upper-middle class overthrew Bourbon Monarch Charles X and established a constitutional monarchy
- Nationalism: Belgians rebelled against the Dutch Republic and created an independent state
- Poland: Crushed by dominant Russians
- Italy: Crushed by controlling Austrians
Revolutions of 1848:
- France: Economy crisis led to demands for the right to vote, and Louis-Philippe was ousted from power
- Germany: United 38 independent German states
- Italy: Unification efforts

Imperialism and Colonization

European powers colonized various regions in Africa and Asia
Direct Rule: Local elites removed from power, replaced by new officials from the mother country
Indirect Rule: Local rulers allowed to maintain positions of authority, but must follow colonial directions
Pan-German League: Nationalist organization promoting the idea of uniting all German-speaking peoples

20th Century Events

Congress of Berlin (1878): Redrew the map of the Balkans and settled the fate of Ottoman Empire territories
Genocide in Rwanda (1994): Ethnic conflict between Hutu and Tutsi populations led to mass killings
The League of Nations: Failed to prevent war due to lack of military power
The Treaty of Versailles: Imposed harsh reparations on Germany, leading to economic crisis
Dawes Plan: Refigured German reparations and provided a loan to stabilize the economy
Kellogg-Briand Pact: Nations pledged to renounce war as an instrument of national policy

World War II and Totalitarianism

Totalitarianism: Governments controlling all aspects of life, led by a single party and leader
Appeasement: Diplomatic strategy of conceding to Nazi Germany's demands to avoid conflict
The Munich Conference: Allowed Nazi Germany to annex the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia
Anschluss: Annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany
Turning Points of the War: Midway, Stalingrad, D-Day, and El-Alamein
Japanese Aggression: Invaded Manchuria, leading to occupation and creation of Manchukuo
The Holocaust: Genocide of six million Jews and millions of others by Nazi Germany
Blitzkrieg: "Lightning War" tactic used by Nazi Germany
Battle of Britain: Victory for the English, forcing Hitler to scrap invasion plans
Hiroshima and Nagasaki: Atomic bombs dropped on Japan, leading to surrender
The Cold War: Geopolitical tension between the US and Soviet Union (1947-1991)

Cold War and International Relations

NATO: Military alliance formed in 1949, including Belgium, Luxembourg, France, and more
Warsaw Pact: Formal military alliance between the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries
Cold War Hot Spots: Berlin, Korea, Cuba, Vietnam, and Afghanistan
Policy of Containment: Preventing further Soviet expansion and maintaining the status quo
Nikita Khrushchev: Soviet leader who attempted to use the Berlin Wall to solve the problem of West Berlin
John F. Kennedy: 35th US President, known for his role in the Cuban Missile Crisis
Mikhail Gorbachev: Introduced radical reforms, including perestroika
Ronald Reagan: US President who took a hardline stance against the Soviet Union
Ethnic Cleansing: Policy of violence and forced removal of Bosnians by the Serbs### Enlightenment Thinkers
Denis Diderot: Editor of the Encyclopédie, played a crucial role in disseminating Enlightenment ideas and knowledge.
Thomas Paine: Authored "Common Sense", providing a powerful argument for American independence and galvanizing public support for the revolutionary cause.
Adam Smith: Developed ideas on free-market economics and the invisible hand of the market, influencing the economic policies of the newly formed United States.

French Revolution

King Louis XVI: Believed in the divine right of kings and absolute power, but also supported modernizing the economy and tax system.
Estates General: Had not met since 1614, composed of 1st estate (300 reps), 2nd estate (300 reps), and 3rd estate (600 reps), mostly lawyers.
National Assembly: Formed by members of the 3rd estate, aimed to create a constitutional system, and abolished rights of landlords and tax exemptions for nobles and clergy.
Declaration of Right of Man: Stated freedom, equal rights, and the role of talent in public office, as well as no tax exemptions and arbitrary arrests.
Declaration of Rights of Women: Proposed by Olympe de Gouges, but ignored by the National Assembly.
Constitution of 1791: Established a limited monarchy, a legislative assembly, and the separation of powers.
Sans Culottes: Represented the lower classes in late 18th century France.

National Convention and Reign of Terror

National Convention: Abolished the monarchy, executed the king, and established the Committee of Public Safety.
Committee of Public Safety: Led by Maximilien Robespierre, responsible for the Reign of Terror, which resulted in the deaths of over 40,000 citizens.
Robespierre: Leader of the Committee of Public Safety, executed in 1794.

The Directory and Napoleon

The Directory: A government created by the Constitution of 1795, characterized by a separation of power, bribery, and corruption.
Napoleon Bonaparte: Staged a military takeover, declared himself the first consul, and eventually became dictator of France.

Background Causes of the French Revolution

Society of Inequality: Composed of clergy (5%), nobles (1.2%), and commoners (98%), with only commoners paying taxes.
Inflation, Food Shortages, and Unemployment: Widespread economic issues.
Wasteful Spending: By the French monarchy.
Influence of Enlightenment and American Revolution: Ideals of liberty, democracy, and natural rights.

The Revolutions of 1848

Widespread European uprisings driven by liberal and nationalist goals.
Initial success but largely failing to secure lasting change.

Italian and German Unification

Italian Unification: Achieved in 1871 under Prussian leadership, following a series of wars and diplomatic maneuvers.
German Unification: Resulted in the proclamation of the German Empire at Versailles.
Ausgleich Compromise of 1867: Established a dual Austrian and Hungarian monarchy, with separate constitutions, legislatures, and capitals.

Other Key Figures and Events

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: Developed Marxism, emphasizing the struggle between haves and have-nots, and the role of the ruling class.
Emmeline Pankhurst: British political activist who organized the British suffragette movement.
Zionism: Supported the establishment of a Jewish homeland in the historic land of Israel.
Romanticism vs. Realism: Artistic and literary movements emphasizing emotion, nature, and individualism (Romanticism) vs. depicting everyday life and society with accuracy and objectivity (Realism).
Imperialism: European powers expanded their territories and influence, often through colonization and exploitation.

Additional Concepts and Events

Trade Unions: Gained the right to strike in England in 1870.
Pure vs. Revisionist Socialism: Different approaches to socialism, with pure socialists advocating for revolution and revisionist socialists seeking reform through democratic systems.
The Communist Manifesto: Written by Marx and Engels, outlining the principles of communism.
Charles Darwin: Developed the theory of evolution through natural selection.
Social Darwinists: Applied Darwinian principles to human societies, often justifying social inequalities and imperialism.
Mohandas Gandhi: Advocated for nonviolent resistance and Indian independence.
The New Party: Broke away from the Indian National Congress, advocating for more radical measures to achieve independence.
The Muslim League: Founded in 1906, advocating for the interests of Muslims in British India and ultimately playing a role in the creation of Pakistan.
Sepoy Mutiny: A significant rebellion by Indian soldiers against British East India Company rule in 1857.### Militarism and the Outbreak of World War I
The growth of massive armies after 1900 led to an increased risk of war, which would be extremely destructive.
Conscription, or military draft, contributed to the growth of armies, and military leaders gained influence as army sizes doubled.
Complex plans for full-scale mobilization were created, which were followed when war broke out, leading to a rapid escalation of the conflict.

The Balkan Region and the Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

The Balkan Region, particularly Serbia, was a hotbed of nationalist tensions, with Serbia seeking to create an independent Slavic state.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb nationalist, in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914.
The assassination triggered a chain reaction of events leading to the outbreak of World War I.

The Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente

The Triple Alliance, formed in 1882, consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.
The Triple Entente, formed in the early 20th century, consisted of France, Russia, and the United Kingdom.
The two alliances played a significant role in the outbreak of World War I.

The Western Front and Key Battles

The Western Front, fought over a narrow 20-mile width, was characterized by trench warfare and a stalemate.
The Battle of the Marne (September 6-12, 1914) was a strategic Allied victory that halted the German advance towards Paris.
The Battle of Ypres (October 19, 1914) saw the first large-scale use of chemical weapons by the Germans.
The Battle of the Somme (July 1 - November 18, 1916) was one of the bloodiest battles in history, with over a million casualties.

The Eastern Front and Key Battles

The Eastern Front, fought over a larger distance, was characterized by more mobile warfare.
The Battle of Tannenberg (August 26-30, 1914) was a decisive German victory that halted the Russian advance into East Prussia.
The Battle of Gallipoli (April 25, 1915 - January 9, 1916) was an Ottoman victory, resulting in the failure of the Allied campaign to open a sea route to Russia.

Key Figures and Events

Count Camillo di Cavour, similar to Bismarck, pursued economic expansion and formed alliances with France and Louis Napoleon.
Giuseppe Garibaldi, a key figure in Italian unification, led the conquest of Sicily and much of the Southern Peninsula.
Realpolitik, or the politics of reality, was a concept based on practical matters rather than theory or ethics.
Queen Victoria, who reigned from 1837 to 1901, avoided revolutions by passing liberal reforms and provided stability to the English economy.

The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution, which took place in Britain, determined the winners of wars and led to significant changes in labor and production methods.
Key industries that emerged during this period included steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum.

The Russian Revolution and the Bolsheviks

The Russian Revolution, led by Vladimir Lenin, saw the overthrow of the Provisional Russian Government and the transfer of power to the soviets.
The Bolsheviks, who promised to end the war, resttribute all land to the peasants, and transfer factories and industries to workers' committees, were led by Lenin and Leon Trotsky.
Alexander Kerensky, who headed the Provisional Government, foolishly decided to carry on the war effort, leading to the rise of the Bolsheviks.

The Treaty of Versailles and Key Figures

The Treaty of Versailles, signed in 1919, was based on Woodrow Wilson's 14-point peace plan, which emphasized self-determination, open covenants of peace, and the reduction of national armaments.
David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, and Vittorio Orlando were key figures involved in the treaty negotiations.

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This quiz covers the background causes of the French Revolution, including social inequality, taxation, and the influence of the Enlightenment and American Revolution. Learn about the factors that led to the outbreak of the Revolution.