French Revolution and Napoleon

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Questions and Answers

What was a significant result of mercantilism on the Spanish economy during the early phases of exploration?

  • It caused Spain to rely solely on agricultural exports.
  • It initially strengthened the economy before contributing to inflation. (correct)
  • It significantly decreased trade with their colonies.
  • It led to the immediate downfall of the Spanish monarchy.

What were the primary reasons for the shift in trade from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic states?

  • A reduction in the European population leading to decreased trade.
  • The decline of maritime technologies in Mediterranean ports.
  • The discovery of new trade routes to the Americas and the demand for new goods. (correct)
  • Increased agricultural production in the Mediterranean region.

How did the Protestant Reformation impact the role of the printing press?

  • It led to the decline of literacy among the general populace.
  • It allowed for the rapid dissemination of reformist ideas across Europe. (correct)
  • It solely focused on the prints of Catholic doctrine.
  • It diminished the importance of the printing press in religious discourse.

What was one approach taken by Spain in dealing with Protestant movements?

<p>Utilizing military force to suppress Protestant uprisings. (C)</p>
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What was one of the outcomes of the Council of Trent?

<p>It enforced strict punishments for Church clergy who failed to adhere to the reforms. (A)</p>
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What was the primary purpose of the women's march to Versailles?

<p>To demand food and provisions for the city (A)</p>
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What issue arose from the Civil Constitution of the Clergy during the French Revolution?

<p>It forced clergy to swear allegiance to the state. (C)</p>
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What concept did Abbe Sieyes promote in his text 'What is the Third Estate'?

<p>The significance of the common people in society (A)</p>
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What was the purpose of the levee en masse issued by the National Convention?

<p>To mobilize the entire nation for war (D)</p>
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What was the effect of Napoleon's loss at the Battle of Trafalgar on his naval strategy?

<p>It forced Napoleon to abandon his plans for invading Britain. (B)</p>
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What did Beccaria advocate for regarding the justice system?

<p>Reform of capital punishment practices (A)</p>
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How did the Scientific Revolution influence the Enlightenment?

<p>It encouraged the development of rational thought and inquiry. (D)</p>
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Which idea did Voltaire advocate in the 18th century?

<p>Support for enlightened absolutism (A)</p>
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Flashcards

Women's march to Versailles

The march of women from Paris to Versailles (October 1789) demanded King Louis XVI return to Paris and addressed their concerns about the high price of bread. The event symbolizes the women's role in the Revolution and their desperate need for food.

Noble privileges abolished

The privileges held by the nobility, such as exemption from taxes, were abolished by the National Assembly during the French Revolution. This marked a significant shift towards equality and a more democratic society.

What is the Third Estate?

Abbe Sieyes, a prominent French clergyman, argued that the Third Estate (commoners) constituted the true nation and should have the most power in government. This idea played a crucial role in the Revolution's call for greater representation.

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

The Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790) aimed to bring the Catholic Church under state control, taking away papal authority and creating an elected clergy. This angered the Pope and many Catholics, leading to further division and unrest.

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Mercantilism

A system of economic policies that aimed to increase national wealth through trade, particularly by accumulating gold and silver reserves. It emphasized government regulation of trade, promoting exports and restricting imports to maintain a favorable balance of trade.

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Early acceptance of women's rights

The French Revolution initially embraced women's rights, granting them equal rights and opportunities. Women played an active role in politics and civic life, forming clubs and expressing their views.

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Levee en masse

The levee en masse, a law passed by the National Convention, mobilized all able-bodied citizens for military service. This mass mobilization was instrumental in expanding the French army and securing victory in the revolutionary wars.

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Plantation System

A system of large agricultural estates, typically using forced labor (often enslaved people), to produce cash crops for export to European markets. It was a key feature of colonial economies in the Americas, where it led to the development of monocultures and dependence on slaves.

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Napoleon's military victories

Napoleon won numerous military victories, including the Italian campaign (1796-1797) and the conquest of Egypt (1798-1801), establishing him as a military genius and solidifying his rise to power.

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Trade shift from Mediterranean to Atlantic

The shift in European trade routes from the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean, driven by advancements in shipbuilding, navigation, and new discoveries in the Americas. This change connected Europe to new markets and resources, leading to a surge in trade and economic activity.

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Protestant Reformation Emphasis on Bible Study

A religious movement emphasizing the study and interpretation of the Bible as the primary source of Christian faith and doctrine. Reformers like Martin Luther stressed individual access to scripture, challenging the authority of the Catholic Church and promoting literacy.

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Napoleon's constitutional government

Napoleon's Consulate (1799-1804) replaced the Directory and established a government with a strong executive branch, limiting press, speech, and other freedoms. This move towards a more authoritarian system consolidated his power.

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Counter-Reformation

The Counter-Reformation was the Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation, aiming to reaffirm its doctrines, reform internal practices, and curb the spread of Protestantism. It involved efforts like the Council of Trent and the establishment of new religious orders like the Jesuits, to strengthen and revitalize Catholicism.

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Study Notes

French Revolution and Napoleon

  • Women's march to Versailles: Aimed to address bread shortages and royal indifference.
  • Noble privilege: Eliminated permanently during the revolution.
  • Abbe Sieyes's "What is the Third Estate?": Advocated for the rights of the commoners.
  • Civil Constitution of the Clergy: Attempting to subordinate the clergy to the state, this created conflict.
  • Women's rights in the early Revolution: Limited support, with some advocating for equality.
  • Levee en masse: Mass conscription of citizens for war effort by the National Convention.
  • Napoleon's military victories: Widespread successes across Europe.
  • Napoleon's government: Limited freedoms of speech and press.
  • Continental System: Economic blockade against Great Britain.
  • Battle of Trafalgar and Napoleon's navy: Defeat severely harmed naval capabilities.
  • Spread of liberal ideals: French invasions influenced political thought in Europe.
  • Mass conscription (draft): All European powers adopted conscription to match France's army.

Scientific Revolution

  • Scientific discoveries' impact: Widespread impact on European societies, gradually.
  • Dissection and integrated systems: Harvey and Vesalius used dissection to reveal body systems.
  • Scientific empiricism: Widely accepted by the 19th century.
  • Francis Bacon and empiricism: Key figure in promoting scientific method.
  • Inductive reasoning and empiricism: Galileo and Newton exemplified through observations and experiments.
  • Deductive reasoning and mathematics: Descartes used logic and math principles to enhance scientific methodology.
  • Universe's operation (Newton): Explained by universal laws of motion and gravity.
  • Influence on the Enlightenment: Scientific Revolution provided a foundation for Enlightenment thought.

Enlightenment

  • Scientific empiricism's use: A cornerstone of Enlightenment thought.
  • Traveler's accounts' effect on philosophes: Inspired curiosity and questioning of existing societal norms.
  • Philosophes' knowledge acquisition: Through observation, reason, and critical thinking.
  • Religious toleration: Viewed as essential by Enlightenment thinkers.
  • Voltaire's criticisms: Challenged religious and secular leaders' inflexible positions.
  • Voltaire's support for enlightened absolutism: Believed in a strong ruler guided by reason.
  • Beccaria's beliefs: Advocated for just and humane legal reforms.

Absolutism

  • Peter the Great's Western European visit: Aimed to modernize Russia.
  • Habsburgs' territories (early 17th century): Extent of their control in Europe.
  • Philip II's motives in the Dutch Revolt: Religious and political dominance.

Golden Age of the Dutch

  • Middle class wealth and investment: Increased power and influence during the Golden Age.
  • Joint-stock companies: Significant factor in Dutch economic success.
  • Speculation: Part of the economic boom.

Thirty Years War

  • Effects on Spain: Negative impact.
  • Effects on the Holy Roman Empire: Devastating consequences.

Exploration and Colonization

  • Shift from Mediterranean to Atlantic: Driven by trade routes and exploration.
  • Cortes' conquest of Mexico: Spanish conquest.
  • Mercantilism: Economic system emphasizing exports and state control.
  • Plantation system: Economic structure relying on agricultural production and enslaved labor.
  • Mercantilism's effect on Spanish economy: Initial strength followed by potential inflation (Price Revolution).
  • Portugal's trading losses: Reasons are not listed
  • African slave trade motives: To provide labor for plantations.

Protestant Reformation, Counter-Reformation, Spanish Inquisition

  • Reformers' emphasis: Study of the Bible.
  • Printing press and Protestantism: Facilitated widespread dissemination of religious ideas.
  • Spain's treatment of Protestants: Suppression.
  • Council of Trent: Catholic response to the Reformation.
  • Religious unity: Prioritized by European monarchs to enhance their power.

Renaissance

  • Erasmus and Christian humanism: Example of humanist thought integrating religious beliefs.
  • Secularism and Christian Humanism: Differences existed between these forms of humanism.

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