French Revolution 18th Century
39 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What event marked the end of monarchy in France?

  • Russian Revolution
  • Declaration of Rights of Man
  • French Revolution (correct)
  • Rise of Nazism

    • What are some central ideas that emerged from the French Revolution?

    Liberty, equality, and freedom

    French society in the eighteenth century was divided into three ____. Members of the third estate paid taxes.

    estates

    The nobles and clergy in French society paid taxes to the state.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who were denied entry to the assembly during the French Revolution?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Members of the third estate demanded that voting in the Estates General be conducted by the assembly as a whole.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who were the representatives of the third estate viewed as spokesmen for? The whole ______ nation.

    <p>French</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who led the members of the third estate during the French Revolution and was born in a noble family?

    <p>Mirabeau</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What tax was levied by the church and comprised one-tenth of the agricultural produce?

    <p>Tithe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What tax was to be paid directly to the state?

    <p>Taille</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Fig. 4, what are the terms that fill in the blank boxes?

    <p>Food riots, scarcity of grain, increased number of deaths, rising food prices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did a subsistence crisis occur frequently in France during the Old Regime?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term described an extreme situation where the basic means of livelihood are endangered?

    <p>Subsistence crisis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the broken chain symbolize in the context of Box 1?

    <p>The act of becoming free</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the bundle of rods or fasces symbolize in the context of Box 1?

    <p>Strength lies in unity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the eye within a triangle radiating light symbolize in the context of Box 1?

    <p>Knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the red Phrygian cap symbolize in the context of Box 1?

    <p>Cap worn by a slave upon becoming free</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symbols stand for liberty, equality, and fraternity in Box 1? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Broken chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following political symbols with their meanings:

    <p>Sceptre = Symbol of royal power Snake biting its tail = Symbol of Eternity Red Phrygian cap = Cap worn by a slave upon becoming free Eye within a triangle radiating light = Symbol for knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the circumstances leading to the outbreak of revolutionary protest in France?

    <p>The outbreak of revolutionary protest in France was led by factors such as economic hardships, social inequality, political discontent, and the Enlightenment ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which groups of French society benefited from the revolution? Which groups were forced to relinquish power? Which sections of society would have been disappointed with the outcome of the revolution?

    <p>Groups that benefited from the French Revolution included the bourgeoisie, peasants, and urban workers. The nobility and clergy were forced to relinquish power. Sections like the monarchists, conservative nobles, and those who lost privileges would have been disappointed with the revolution's outcome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the legacy of the French Revolution for the peoples of the world during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

    <p>The legacy of the French Revolution during the 19th and 20th centuries includes the spread of ideas of liberty, democratic rights, and nationalism globally. It inspired revolutions, the abolition of feudal systems, and the fight for independence in many countries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Draw up a list of democratic rights we enjoy today whose origins could be traced to the French Revolution.

    <p>Democratic rights originating from the French Revolution include freedom of speech, press, assembly, the right to vote, equality before the law, and the right to property.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Would you agree with the view that the message of universal rights was beset with contradictions? Explain.

    <p>Yes, the message of universal rights during the French Revolution was beset with contradictions. While advocating for equality, there were contradictions in practice, such as the exclusion of women and limitations based on social class.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How would you explain the rise of Napoleon?

    <p>The rise of Napoleon was fueled by his military successes, his ability to stabilize France after the revolution, his charisma, and his reforms in governance, law, and education that appealed to many in French society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were some of the responsibilities that working women had to manage?

    <p>cook, fetch water, queue up for bread, look after children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the main demands of the Society of Revolutionary and Republican Women?

    <p>Right to vote for women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the Reign of Terror, women's clubs were encouraged and their activities were supported by the government.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Olympe de Gouges wrote a Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen in response to the exclusion of women from the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen in _____.

    <p>1791</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the fate of Olympe de Gouges after she criticized the Jacobin government?

    <p>She was tried and executed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following colonial commodities with the regions they were supplied by:

    <p>Tobacco, Indigo, Sugar, Coffee = Caribbean (Martinique, Guadeloupe, San Domingo)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did the Convention legislate to free all slaves in the French colonies?

    <p>1794</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the female figure of liberty in the painting. What symbol does the red cap worn by the sans-culottes men represent?

    <p>The female figure of liberty in the painting symbolizes freedom and independence. The red cap worn by the sans-culottes men symbolizes liberty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happened during the insurrection planned by the Jacobins in the summer of 1792?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Reign of Terror took place in France from 1793 to 1794.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who invented the guillotine?

    <p>Dr Guillotin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the views of Desmoulins and Robespierre on Liberty:

    <p>Desmoulins = 'Liberty is like a child, which needs to go through a phase of being disciplined...' Robespierre = 'Terror is nothing but justice, swift, severe and inflexible...'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the fall of the Jacobin government pave the way for Napoleon Bonaparte's rise to power?

    <p>The fall of the Jacobin government led to political instability, which allowed Napoleon Bonaparte to rise as a military dictator.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did women play in the events leading to the French Revolution?

    <p>Women played an active role in the events leading to the French Revolution, hoping to pressurize the revolutionary government for reforms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The French Revolution

    • The French Revolution marked the end of the monarchy in France and introduced a new system of governance.
    • The Declaration of the Rights of Man announced the arrival of a new era, where individuals had rights and could claim equality.
    • The ideas of liberty, equality, and freedom emerged as central to a new age, but were reinterpreted and rethought differently in various countries.

    French Society during the Late 18th Century

    • The French society was divided into three estates: the clergy, the nobility, and the third estate (commoners).
    • The first two estates enjoyed privileges, including exemption from taxes, while the third estate bore the burden of taxation.
    • The third estate included big businessmen, merchants, court officials, lawyers, peasants, and artisans.
    • Peasants made up 90% of the population, but only a small number owned the land they cultivated.

    The Struggle to Survive

    • France's population rose from 23 million in 1715 to 28 million in 1789, leading to a rapid increase in food demand.
    • The production of grains could not keep pace with the demand, leading to a rise in bread prices.
    • This led to a gap between the poor and the rich, and a subsistence crisis.

    The Growing Middle Class

    • The middle class, including merchants, manufacturers, lawyers, and administrative officials, emerged as a new social group.
    • They earned their wealth through overseas trade and manufacturing, and had access to education and new ideas.
    • They believed that a person's social position should depend on their merit, rather than birth.
    • Philosophers such as John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau, and Montesquieu proposed ideas of a society based on freedom, equal laws, and opportunities for all.

    The American Example

    • The American Constitution and its guarantee of individual rights was an important example for political thinkers in France.
    • The ideas of philosophers and the American Constitution spread through books, newspapers, and discussions in salons and coffee-houses.

    The Unrest before the Revolution

    • The French government's decision to impose further taxes to meet state expenses generated anger and protest against the system of privileges.

    • The difficulties faced by the common people, including lack of access to education and career opportunities, contributed to the growing unrest.### The French Revolution

    • The French Revolution was a response to the crisis of the Old Regime, where the monarchy was unable to impose taxes according to its will alone.

    • The Estates General was a political body that the monarch had to call to pass proposals for new taxes, but it had not been convened since 1614.

    The Convocation of the Estates General

    • Louis XVI called the Estates General to pass proposals for new taxes on May 5, 1789, after a severe financial crisis.
    • The first and second estates sent 300 representatives each, while the third estate sent 600 representatives.
    • The third estate represented the common people, but peasants, artisans, and women were denied entry to the assembly.

    The Demands of the Third Estate

    • The third estate demanded that voting be conducted by the assembly as a whole, where each member would have one vote.
    • This was a democratic principle put forward by philosophers like Rousseau in his book The Social Contract.
    • When the king rejected this proposal, members of the third estate walked out of the assembly in protest.

    The National Assembly

    • The representatives of the third estate declared themselves a National Assembly and swore not to disperse until they had drafted a constitution for France.
    • They were led by Mirabeau and Abbé Sieyès, who believed in the need to do away with a society of feudal privilege.

    The Tennis Court Oath

    • The National Assembly took an oath to continue their work on the constitution, despite the king's opposition.
    • The oath was taken in a tennis court, which became a symbol of the Revolution.

    The Great Fear

    • A severe winter led to a bad harvest, and the price of bread rose, leading to widespread unrest.
    • Rumors spread that the lords of the manor had hired bands of brigands to destroy the ripe crops, leading to peasant revolts and looting.
    • Nobles fled from their homes, and many migrated to neighboring countries.

    The Abolition of the Feudal System

    • The National Assembly passed a decree abolishing the feudal system of obligations and taxes on the night of August 4, 1789.
    • The church's lands were confiscated, and the government acquired assets worth at least 2 billion livres.

    The Constitution of 1791

    • The National Assembly completed the draft of the constitution in 1791, which limited the powers of the monarch.
    • The constitution separated the powers of the monarch into different institutions – the legislature, executive, and judiciary.
    • This made France a constitutional monarchy.

    The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

    • The Constitution began with a Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, which established rights such as the right to life, freedom of speech, and equality before law.
    • These rights were declared as 'natural and inalienable', meaning they belonged to each human being by birth and could not be taken away.

    The French Revolution's Legacy

    • The French Revolution's ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity influenced the modern world and inspired similar movements in other countries.
    • The Revolution marked the end of absolute monarchy and the rise of democratic values in France.### French Revolution

    Symbols of the Revolution

    • Red Phrygian cap: symbolized liberty and was worn by freed slaves
    • Blue, white, and red: the national colors of France
    • The winged woman: personification of the law
    • Law Tablet: represented the law as equal for all and all were equal before it

    The Constitution of 1791 and the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen

    • Constitution of 1791 gave political rights to the richer sections of society
    • Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen (Fig. 8) represented liberty, equality, and fraternity through symbols

    The Revolution and the Abolition of Monarchy

    • The National Assembly voted to declare war against Prussia and Austria in April 1792
    • Thousands of volunteers joined the army to fight against kings and aristocracies
    • The Marseillaise, a patriotic song, was composed by Roget de L’Isle and became the national anthem of France
    • The Constitution of 1791 gave political rights only to the richer sections of society, leading to widespread discontent

    The Jacobins and the Sans-Culottes

    • The Jacobins were a group of people from less prosperous sections of society, including small shopkeepers, artisans, and daily-wage workers
    • They wore long striped trousers similar to those worn by dock workers to distinguish themselves from the fashionable sections of society
    • The sans-culottes, meaning 'those without knee breeches', came to be known as the Jacobins

    The Reign of Terror

    • The period from 1793 to 1794 was known as the Reign of Terror
    • Robespierre followed a policy of severe control and punishment, executing those deemed 'enemies' of the republic
    • The guillotine was used to behead those found guilty by the revolutionary tribunal

    The Fall of Robespierre and the Directory

    • Robespierre's relentless pursuit of his policies led to his own downfall and execution
    • The Directory, a new executive made up of five members, was introduced to prevent the concentration of power in a one-man executive
    • The political instability of the Directory paved the way for the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte

    The Role of Women in the Revolution

    • Women were active participants in the events leading to the French Revolution
    • They worked as seamstresses, laundresses, or domestic servants, but had limited access to education and job training
    • Women formed their own clubs and demanded better living conditions and equal rights

    Key Figures

    • Maximilian Robespierre: leader of the Jacobins
    • Roget de L’Isle: composer of the Marseillaise
    • Camille Desmoulins: revolutionary journalist who wrote about the concept of liberty
    • Napoleon Bonaparte: military dictator who rose to power after the fall of the Directory

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    French Revolution, Russian Revolution, and Nazism PDF

    Description

    Learn about the end of the monarchy in France, the Declaration of the Rights of Man, and the emergence of liberty, equality, and freedom in the late 18th century.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser