French Revolution (1789-1799)

Causes:
- Financial crisis and burden of taxation
- Social inequality and Enlightenment ideas
- American Revolution's influence
Key events:
- Storming of the Bastille (July 14, 1789)
- Adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
- Reign of Terror (1793-1794) and execution of King Louis XVI
- Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte
Impact:
- Spread of liberal and nationalist ideas across Europe
- Redefining of citizenship and national identity

Causes:
- Napoleonic expansion and European resistance
- British opposition to French dominance
Key events:
- Napoleon's military conquests and reorganization of Europe
- Battle of Leipzig (1813) and defeat of Napoleon
- Congress of Vienna (1815) and re-establishment of monarchies
Impact:
- Spread of nationalist and liberal ideas across Europe
- Redrawing of the European map and creation of new nations

Causes:
- Italian nationalism and desire for independence
- Weakness of Italian states and foreign domination
Key events:
- Risorgimento movement and leadership of Giuseppe Mazzini
- Role of Victor Emmanuel II and Camillo di Cavour
- Wars of Italian Independence (1848-1861) and unification
Impact:
- Creation of the Kingdom of Italy and national unity
- Emergence of Italy as a major European power

Causes:
- German nationalism and desire for unity
- Weakness of German states and foreign domination
Key events:
- Zollverein customs union and economic integration
- Role of Otto von Bismarck and Prussian leadership
- Wars of German Unification (1864-1871) and creation of the German Empire
Impact:
- Creation of the German Empire and national unity
- Emergence of Germany as a major European power

Characteristics:
- Emphasis on national identity and loyalty
- Belief in unique cultural and historical heritage
- Desire for self-determination and independence
Key thinkers:
- Johann Gottlieb Fichte and the concept of national identity
- Giuseppe Mazzini and the ideology of national unity
- Friedrich List and the role of nationalism in economic development
Impact:
- Shaping of modern nation-states and national identities
- Rise of nationalist movements across Europe

Financial crisis and burden of taxation sparked the revolution
Social inequality and Enlightenment ideas also contributed to the uprising
The American Revolution's influence inspired the French people to fight for their rights
The Storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, marked the beginning of the revolution
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted, promoting equality and liberty
The Reign of Terror from 1793 to 1794 saw the execution of King Louis XVI
Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power, eventually becoming Emperor of France
The French Revolution spread liberal and nationalist ideas across Europe, redefining citizenship and national identity

Napoleon's expansionist policies and European resistance led to the wars
British opposition to French dominance also contributed to the conflict
Napoleon's military conquests and reorganization of Europe had a lasting impact
The Battle of Leipzig in 1813 marked a turning point, as Napoleon was defeated
The Congress of Vienna in 1815 redrew the European map, re-establishing monarchies
The Napoleonic Wars spread nationalist and liberal ideas across Europe, leading to the creation of new nations

Italian nationalism and the desire for independence drove the unification process
The weakness of Italian states and foreign domination fueled the movement
The Risorgimento movement, led by Giuseppe Mazzini, pushed for unity
Victor Emmanuel II and Camillo di Cavour played key roles in the unification process
The Wars of Italian Independence from 1848 to 1861 led to the creation of the Kingdom of Italy
Italian unification created a new nation-state and made Italy a major European power

German nationalism and the desire for unity drove the unification process
The weakness of German states and foreign domination contributed to the movement
The Zollverein customs union facilitated economic integration among German states
Otto von Bismarck and Prussian leadership played a key role in unification
The Wars of German Unification from 1864 to 1871 led to the creation of the German Empire
German unification created a new nation-state and made Germany a major European power

Nationalist ideologies emphasized national identity and loyalty
The belief in a unique cultural and historical heritage defined nationalist movements
The desire for self-determination and independence drove nationalist ideologies
Johann Gottlieb Fichte's concept of national identity influenced nationalist thought
Giuseppe Mazzini's ideology of national unity inspired nationalist movements
Friedrich List's ideas on nationalism and economic development shaped the movement
Nationalist ideologies shaped modern nation-states and national identities, inspiring movements across Europe