French and Russian Revolutions Overview

The rapid increase in population, leading to a sharp increase in demand for foodgrains, which outpaced production, resulting in rising bread prices.

<p>It symbolized the end of the king's despotic power and the beginning of a new era of freedom and equality in France.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>John Locke = Social contract, natural rights, separation of powers Jean-Jacques Rousseau = General Will, social contract, popular sovereignty Montesquieu = Separation of powers, checks and balances, the spirit of the laws</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To limit the powers of the monarchy and establish France as a constitutional monarchy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It aimed to establish natural and inalienable rights for all individuals, including the right to life, freedom of speech, equality before the law, and resistance to oppression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They represented the radical, working-class sections of society who demanded social and economic equality, opposing the privileges of the aristocracy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It was characterized by severe control and punishment, targeting perceived enemies of the revolution through mass arrests, imprisonment, trials, and executions by guillotine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It had a lasting impact, inspiring movements for liberty, equality, and democratic rights, though these changes were gradual and often met with resistance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The abolition of slavery in French colonies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women demanded equal political rights, including the right to vote, hold political office, and be represented in the government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Olympe de Gouges, a prominent French writer and activist, is known for her advocacy for women's rights, particularly for her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A social system where individuals are categorized into three groups: the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners (Third Estate). Each estate had distinct privileges and obligations.

A system of obligations and taxes imposed on peasants in France during the Old Regime. These included feudal dues, tithes, and taxes to the state.

The period in French history before the revolution (1789), characterized by a rigid social hierarchy, absolute monarchy, and limited individual rights.

A tax levied by the Church on peasants; it usually amounted to one-tenth of their agricultural produce.

A direct tax paid to the state by the commoners (Third Estate) in France during the Old Regime.

An event where basic means of survival are severely threatened, often due to factors like famine and food shortages.

A group of individuals who were neither nobles nor clergy but held wealth and influence in French society during the 18th century. They included merchants, manufacturers, lawyers, and officials.

A political body in France consisting of representatives from the three estates (Clergy, Nobility, and Third Estate), which was convened to discuss and approve new taxes.

A powerful political organization in France during the French Revolution. Its members, mainly from the lower classes, advocated for greater democracy, social change, and the end of privileges.

The storming of the Bastille prison in Paris on July 14, 1789, marking the beginning of the French Revolution. It symbolizes the overthrow of royal authority and represented the people's struggle for freedom.

The period of intense social and political turmoil in France from 1793 to 1794, marked by widespread fear, violence, and executions. It was led by Maximilien Robespierre and the Jacobins, and aimed to eliminate enemies of the republic.

The event where the French monarchy was abolished, and France was declared a republic in 1792.

A political system where the people elect their government, including the head of state. It is a form of government where power resides in the people, not with a hereditary monarch.

An influential pamphlet written by Abbé Sieyès in 1789, arguing for the significance of the Third Estate and its role in reforming French society.

The oath taken by members of the Third Estate in the Estates General on June 20, 1789. They vowed to continue working until a new constitution for France was drafted.

An event in the summer of 1789, where rumors of bandit attacks and aristocratic conspiracies caused widespread fear and violence in the French countryside. Peasants revolted against the existing social order.

A political system where the monarch’s power is limited by a constitution that guarantees basic rights to citizens. This was the new system established in France in 1791.

The document adopted by the National Assembly in 1791, declaring the fundamental rights of all human beings, including liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression.

A political group formed in Paris during the French Revolution, mainly composed of less prosperous members of society. They advocated for the rights of the working class and were known for wearing long striped trousers to distinguish themselves from the aristocracy.

The national anthem of France, composed by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle. It was originally sung by volunteers from Marseilles as they marched into Paris and is known for its patriotic and revolutionary sentiments.

An executive body established in France after the fall of the Jacobin government in 1795. It was a five-member committee, but faced instability due to conflicts with the legislative councils.

A device used for beheading during the French Revolution. It was invented by Dr. Joseph Ignace Guillotin and became a symbol of the Reign of Terror.

The period of extensive political and social changes in France between 1789 and 1815, characterized by the overthrow of the monarchy, the emergence of different governments, and the rise and fall of Napoleon Bonaparte.

A group of women who organized political clubs and newspapers during the French Revolution. They advocated for women's rights, including the right to vote, education, and equal opportunities.

A famous feminist and activist during the French Revolution. She wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen, advocating for women's equality with men.

The document written by Olympe de Gouges in 1791, advocating for women's equal rights with men. It asserted that women are born free and deserve the same rights as men, including the right to vote and participate in politics.

A political movement that advocated for women's right to vote during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

A powerful military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution. He seized control of France in a coup d'état in 1799 and became Emperor Napoleon I.

A system of government that separates the powers of government into three branches: the legislative, the executive, and the judicial. This system was adopted in France following the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.