Freezing Conditions and Enzymatic Decay Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which ancient species have full genome sequences available for de-extinction?

  • Sabre-tooth tigers
  • Woolly mammoths (correct)
  • Giant sloths
  • Tasmanian tigers
  • What is the main challenge in recovering DNA from ancient remains preserved in hot and wet environments?

  • Lack of funding
  • Lack of available technology
  • DNA degradation (correct)
  • Difficulty in obtaining samples
  • Why can't ancient genomes be assembled de novo?

  • The taxonomic biases affect the sequencing process
  • The DNA fragments are too fragmented
  • The recovered DNA fragments are too short (correct)
  • The sequencing technology is not available
  • Which of the following is not one of the main approaches to achieve de-extinction?

    <p>Paleogenomics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the scientific process known as SCNT?

    <p>Somatic cell nuclear transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is cloning of long-dead organisms not likely to be feasible?

    <p>Biological remains degrade post-mortem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should we consider de-extinction as a means to create ecological proxies for extinct species?

    <p>Because even species with cloned nuclear genomes will not be exact copies of the extinct species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique is used for cloning and creating an exact genetic copy of a living organism?

    <p>Somatic cell nuclear transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of cloning for de-extinction purposes?

    <p>The resulting organism will be identical to the extinct donor at all levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the success rate of potential clones developing into live offspring on average?

    <p>&lt;5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main challenge of using cloning for de-extinction purposes?

    <p>Most extinct species do not have available living cells for cloning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the three main pathways being considered for de-extinction?

    <p>Selective breeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of back-breeding in the context of de-extinction?

    <p>To concentrate ancestral traits that persist within a population into a single individual using selective breeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the state of the art in genetic engineering for de-extinction?

    <p>It is still in the early stages of development and has not yet been successful in resurrecting an extinct species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a reason why larger animals may experience more enzymatic decay during freezing?

    <p>They freeze more slowly than smaller animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the oldest frozen specimen from which healthy clones have been generated?

    <p>A 16-year-old mouse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely route to de-extinction according to the author?

    <p>Reconstructing genome sequences and using genome engineering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did early ancient DNA research concentrate on animals that lived and died in arctic regions?

    <p>Because DNA decays more slowly in cold environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a limitation of back-breeding as an approach to de-extinction?

    <p>Back-breeding requires that the target ancestral traits persist within a living species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is back-breeding?

    <p>The use of selective breeding to resurrect specific ancestral traits within populations of living organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end-goal of de-extinction projects according to the text?

    <p>To restore critical interactions among species that are no longer alive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential risks of back-breeding as an approach to de-extinction?

    <p>Back-breeding may reduce the population's overall fitness by increasing inbreeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species was successfully cloned using SCNT from frozen fibroblast cells?

    <p>Bucardo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the cloning of a mouflon from a non-viable cell harvested from an animal that had been found dead in a field suggest?

    <p>Freezing and desiccation can promote the long-term preservation of biomolecules within organismal remains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main challenge faced in the studies that used frozen (archived) cells for SCNT?

    <p>The efficiency of embryo generation declined with the amount of time that the cells had been frozen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How were the cloned mouse embryos created from freeze-dried cells, cells that were frozen for nearly a year, and cells taken from mice whose entire bodies had been frozen for up to 16 years?

    <p>Entire cells were injected directly into enucleated eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which extinct species was the first targeted for de-extinction?

    <p>Aurochs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of present-day backbreeding efforts for aurochs?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between aurochs and Heck cattle?

    <p>Heck cattle have a more primitive appearance than aurochs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process for de-extinction using genome editing?

    <p>Harvest cells from a closely related living species, change the genome sequence to resemble the extinct species, implant embryo into a surrogate host</p> Signup and view all the answers

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