Questions and Answers
What determines the rate of polymerization?
Which step is considered the rate determining step in polymerization?
How are radicalized monomer molecules involved in the propagation step?
What are the two ways of termination in radical polymerization?
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How are active monomeric free radical species generated during initiation?
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Fermentation involves the breakdown of organic substrates into ethanol or lactic acid in the presence of oxygen.
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The net yield of fermentation in terms of ATP is typically 4 ATPs.
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Ethanol fermentation mainly occurs in bacteria.
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Lactic acid fermentation converts pyruvate into acetaldehyde.
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In ethanol fermentation, the release of effervescence is due to the conversion of acetaldehyde into carbon dioxide gas.
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Aerobic and anaerobic fermentation are two different mechanisms of cellular respiration.
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Aerobic glycolysis always fully oxidizes glucose in prokaryotes.
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Anaerobic fermentation always yields more ATP compared to aerobic respiration with incomplete oxidation.
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Alcoholic fermentation is commonly used in yogurt production.
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Lactic acid fermentation converts glucose to lactic acid without producing any ATP.
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During aerobic respiration with incomplete oxidation, glucose is fully oxidized to CO2 and H2O.
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All aerobic processes involve the complete breakdown of glucose into water and carbon dioxide.
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Both aerobic and anaerobic fermentations produce water as a byproduct.
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In aerobic fermentation, glucose is incompletely oxidized into ethanol and lactic acid.
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Anaerobic fermentation occurs in higher animals and plants.
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Aerobic fermentation uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
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Both aerobic and anaerobic fermentations occur in the mitochondria.
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Carbon dioxide is not a product of anaerobic fermentation.
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Alcoholic fermentation produces 2 ATP and 2 methanol molecules.
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During anaerobic fermentation, NAD+ regeneration occurs in the electron transport chain.
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ATP production is yielded during NAD+ regeneration in aerobic fermentation.
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Anaerobic fermentation can produce more ATP than aerobic fermentation.
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Lactic acid fermentation yields more ATP than alcoholic fermentation.
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Anaerobic fermentation uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor.
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Aerobic fermentation produces more ATP per glucose molecule compared to anaerobic fermentation.
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The production of citric acid is an example of anaerobic fermentation.
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Acetic acid fermentation is an example of aerobic fermentation.
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Both aerobic and anaerobic fermentation play a role in the production of lactic acid.
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Anaerobic fermentation always produces a higher amount of energy compared to aerobic fermentation.
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Study Notes
Fermentation
- Fermentation is the chemical breakdown of organic substrates by microorganisms into ethanol or lactic acid in the absence of oxygen.
- It typically gives off effervescence and heat.
- Fermentation occurs in the cytoplasm of microorganisms such as yeast, parasitic worms, and bacteria.
- The two steps of fermentation are glycolysis and partial oxidation of pyruvate.
Types of Fermentation
- Ethanol Fermentation:
- Occurs in yeast in the absence of oxygen.
- Produces ethanol and carbon dioxide.
- The net yield of fermentation is only 2 ATPs.
- Lactic Acid Fermentation:
- Occurs in bacteria.
- Produces lactic acid.
Similarities Between Aerobic and Anaerobic Fermentation
- Both use glucose as the substrate and produce ATP during processing.
- Carbon dioxide is a product in both processes.
- They both undergo glycolysis in the cytoplasm.
Differences Between Aerobic and Anaerobic Fermentation
- Aerobic Fermentation:
- Occurs in higher animals and plants.
- Uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
- Produces six water molecules per glucose molecule.
- Anaerobic Fermentation:
- Occurs in yeast, parasites, and bacteria.
- Does not use oxygen.
- Does not produce water.
ATP Production
- Aerobic Fermentation: Produces 38 ATP per glucose molecule.
- Anaerobic Fermentation:
- Lactic Acid Fermentation: Produces 2 ATP per glucose molecule.
- Alcoholic Fermentation: Produces 2 ATP and 2 ethanol molecules per glucose molecule.
Impact of Technology
- Efficiency: Automation and advanced machines lead to faster production, lower costs, and improved product quality.
- Productivity: Technology allows for higher output with fewer resources, increasing overall productivity.
- Innovation: New technologies enable the development of novel products, processes, and services, driving innovation across industries.
- Social and economic changes: Automation and AI present both opportunities and challenges for employment, requiring adaptation and upskilling of workforces.
Free Radical Polymerization
- Free radical polymerization is a widely used method for creating polymers from vinyl monomers.
- It proceeds through a chain reaction mechanism consisting of initiation, propagation, and termination.
- Azo compounds and peroxides are the main commercially used initiators.
- Characteristics of radical polymerization:
- The process is not inhibited by humidity.
- It does not require as many specialized facilities as other methods.
- Relatively mild reaction conditions are required for operations.
- Oxygen inhibits the reaction.
- The reaction is highly exothermic, resulting in some risk of runaway reaction.
- Various types of monomers can be used (materials of various physical properties can be synthesized).
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Test your knowledge of free radical polymerization kinetics, including the characteristics and reaction mechanism of this widely used method for creating polymers from vinyl monomers.
