12 Questions
What did Wicks (1992) identify?
subtle but distinct differences between various concepts of cognitive categorization
According to McCombs, Shaw, and Weaver (1997), what is framing an extension of?
agenda setting
What did Popkin (1994) do in terms of referring to agenda setting, priming, and framing?
referred to them without differentiation
What is recommended for future studies on framing effects?
address framing from a more metatheoretical perspective
How does the typology of framing research classify applications of framing?
along two dimensions: media vs. audience frames, and frames as independent vs. dependent variables
What did Entman (1993) call for in relation to framing?
development of a consistent concept of framing
What are the two dimensions along which previous approaches to framing research are classified?
The type of frame examined (media frames vs. audience frames) and the way frames are operationalized (independent variable or dependent variable)
According to Entman (1993), what was the main issue with the conceptualization of framing in previous studies?
Previous studies lacked clear conceptual definitions and relied on context-specific, rather than generally applicable operationalizations.
What did Brosius and Eps (1995) suggest about the concept of framing?
They posited that framing is not a clearly explicated and generally applicable concept, but only a metaphor that cannot be directly translated into research questions.
What are the four key processes identified in the process model of framing for future research?
Frame building, frame setting, individual-level processes of framing, and a feedback loop from audiences to journalists.
Why has the term framing been used repeatedly to label similar but distinctly different approaches?
Due to vague conceptualizations and lack of clear definitions in previous studies.
What is the main issue that limits the comparability of instruments and results in framing research?
Conceptual problems translating into operational problems.
Explore the theoretical and empirical challenges in framing research within the realm of political communication. Learn about the fragmented approaches to framing and how they can be integrated into a comprehensive model for better understanding. Discover the conceptual and operational issues that hinder comparability in framing instruments and results.
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