Untitled Quiz

Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry

• Abundance of Elements:

  • Oxygen gas is the most abundant element.
  • Silicon is the second most abundant element.
  • Aluminum is the third most abundant element.

• Noble Gas Abundance:

  • Argon is the most abundant noble gas.
  • Krypton and Xenon are the least abundant noble gases.

• Air Gas Abundance:

  • Nitrogen is the most abundant gas in the air, accounting for 78.084% by volume.
  • Oxygen accounts for 20.946% by volume.
  • Argon represents 0.934% by volume.
  • Other gases like carbon dioxide, neon, helium, methane, and krypton form a very small proportion of the air.

Intracellular and Extracellular Ions

• Most Abundant Ions:

  • Intracellular: Potassium and Biphosphate
  • Extracellular: Sodium and Chloride

• Second Most Abundant Ions:

  • Intracellular: Magnesium and XXX
  • Extracellular: Calcium and Bicarbonate

Vitamins for Mineral Absorption

• Vitamins influencing mineral absorption:
  • Vitamin C aids Iron absorption.
  • Vitamin D aids Calcium absorption.
  • Vitamin E aids Selenium absorption

Containers

• Gas Containers:
  • Nitrogen (N2) is stored in black cylinders.
  • Nitrous Oxide (N2O) is stored in blue cylinders.
  • Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) is stored in blue bottles.
  • Oxygen (O2) is stored in green cylinders.
  • Argon (Ar) is stored in dark green cylinders.
  • Carbon dioxide (CO2) is stored in grey cylinders.
  • Helium (He) is stored in brown cylinders.
  • Acetylene (C2H2) is stored in red cylinders,
  • Chlorine (Cl2) is stored in maroon cylinders.
  • Lithium (Li) and Other Solids are stored in white/yellow containers, or under water or oil.

Glass

• Composition and Type of Glass Containers:

  • Type I glass: Highly resistant borosilicate glass.
  • Type II glass: Treated soda-lime glass.
  • Type III glass: Soda-lime glass.
  • Type IV glass: General-purpose soda-lime glass (non-parenteral).

• Glass containers characteristics:

  • Type I Glass high resistance to leaching, chemical attacks and heat shock. Used for all parenteral preparations.
  • Type II Glass high hydrolytic resistance. Used for acidic parenteral preparations.
  • Type III Glass low to average hydrolytic resistance. Used for non-aqueous or powdered injectable preparations.
  • Type IV Glass is not suitable for parenteral products.

• Leach Test Results:

  • Powdered Glass Test: Type I less acid consumed, Type III more acid consumed
  • Water Attack Test: Type I more resistant, Type III less resistant
  • Surface Glass Test: Type I more resistant, Type III less resistant

• Glass Modifications:

  • Potassium (K): Provides brown/amber, light resistance.
  • Selenium (Se): Creates red color.
  • Manganese Dioxide (MnO2): Masks blue-green color, reduces expansion
  • Boron (B, as borate): Increases refractive index.
  • Lead (Pb): Increase refractive index.
  • Rare Earths: Selectively absorb light wavelengths.
  • Hydrofluoric Acid (HF): Etching of glass.

Important Alloys

• Pure metals vs. Alloy metals:
  • Pure metals atoms slip past each other easily.
  • Alloy metals atoms with varying sizes impede atomic slipping, making the alloy stronger.
• Examples of Alloys:
  • Plumber's solder: 67% Pb, 33% Sn
  • Solder: 50% Pb, 50% Sn
  • Pewter: 20% Pb, 80% Sn
  • Babbitt: 20% Sb, 80% Sn
  • Type metal: 50% Pb, 25% Sn, 25% Sb
  • Rose metal: 25% Pb, 25% Sn, 50% Bi
  • Bronze: Copper + Tin
  • Gun metal: Copper + Tin + Antimony
  • Anti-Friction metal: Copper + Tin + Antimony
  • Brass: Copper + Zinc
  • Monel: Copper + Nickel
  • German silver: Copper + Nickel + Zinc
  • Sterling silver: Copper + Silver
  • Raney Nickel: Aluminum + Nickel
  • Steel: Iron + Carbon
  • Misch Metal: Iron + Cerium
  • Wood's Metal: Cadmium + Tin + Lead + Bismuth

Radiopharmaceuticals

• Radiopharmaceuticals Composition:

  • Radioactive isotope
  • Linker
  • Targeting molecule
  • Target protein
  • Cancer cell

• Liver Radiopharmaceutical Examples and Uses:

  • Technetium-99m (Tc-99m) Iminodiacetic acid (IDA): Hepatobiliary studies and liver imaging.
  • Technetium-99m (Tc-99m) Phytate: Liver function.
  • Gold-198 (Au-198): liver function
  • Iodine-131 (I-131): Liver and thyroid function

• Kidney Radiopharmaceutical Examples and Uses:

  • Technetium-99m (Tc-99m) Sodium Iodohippurate (Na lodohippurate) or Heptagluconate: Kidney imaging, renal function.
  • Mercuric compounds: Kidney and brain scintillation scanning.

• Heart Radiopharmaceutical Examples and Uses:

  • Technetium-99m (Tc-99m) Sestamibi: Myocardial perfusion agent for cardiac output determination, blood plasma volume.
  • Technetium-99m (Tc-99m) (Methoxyisobutylisonitrile): Myocardial perfusion.
  • Other radionuclides (e.g., thallium-201 (Tl-201) : Myocardial perfusion imaging.

• Thyroid Radiopharmaceutical Examples and Uses:

  • Tc-99m Pertechnetate: Thyroid scanning. - Iodine-125 (I-125) or Iodine-131 (I-131). Used in thyroid scanning and function studies.

• Other Radiopharmaceutical Examples and Uses:

  • Technetium-99m (Tc-99m) Etidronate/Phosphonates: Bone scans
  • Technetium-99m (Tc-99m) Macroaggregated Albumin: Lung scans
  • Chromium-(Cr-51) : Blood volume determination.
  • Phosphorus-32 (P-32): For many hematological and neoplastic disorders
  • Cobalt-57 (Co-57): Diagnostic studies (e.g. RBC mass).
  • Selenium-75 (Se-75): Pancreatic tumor diagnosis