44 Questions
What is the primary concept of Raymond Williams' Marxist mode of thinking about culture?
Materialist understanding of culture
What does the 'base' refer to in Marx's base/superstructure diagram?
Economic system underlying a society
What is the primary concept of Michel Foucault's philosophy?
Relationship between institutions, discourses and power
What does Raymond Williams add to Marx's base/superstructure diagram?
Determinism
What is the primary goal of capitalism, according to the provided text?
To produce a particular form of subjectivities
What is the concept of hegemony associated with?
Antonio Gramsci
What is the role of the superstructure in Marx's base/superstructure diagram?
Reflects the economic system underlying a society
What is the relationship between the base and superstructure, according to Raymond Williams?
The base determines the superstructure
What is the main criticism of Williams towards the categorization of certain cultural activities?
They are dead-end
What is the concept of 'totality' an alternative to?
The concept of base and superstructure
What is the potential danger of using the concept of 'totality'?
It loses its essential Marxist content
What does the concept of 'totality' emphasize?
A social whole composed of various social practices
What is the key question Williams poses regarding the concept of 'totality'?
Does it include the notion of intention?
What does the concept of 'intention' refer to?
The purpose or aim behind social practices and structures
Why does Williams emphasize the importance of recognizing the 'superstructural' elements?
They are crucial in understanding certain social apparatus
What is the difficulty of revising the base and superstructure model?
Militants need to confront institutions and ideologies in addition to economic battles
What is the concept of 'hegemony' related to?
The dominant influence of a particular class in shaping cultural processes
What is the concept of 'social being determines consciousness' associated with?
The Marxist framework
What is the main distinction between the two meanings of 'to determine'?
One is about setting limits and the other is about predicting outcomes.
What is the primary role of culture according to Williams' propositions?
To resist and challenge the existing social order.
What is the concept of hegemony according to Antonio Gramsci?
The spontaneous consent given by the masses to the dominant group.
What is the main focus of Marx's proposition regarding determination?
The role of human activities in shaping social relationships.
What is the primary meaning of 'determination' in Williams' revaluation?
The setting of limits and the exertion of pressure.
What is the primary role of the 'base' in Williams' revaluation?
A dynamic process of social and economic relationships.
What is the relationship between culture and the existing relations of production?
Culture can function as ideology to reproduce the existing relations of production.
What is the main distinction between the concepts of 'base' and 'superstructure'?
The base refers to economic relationships, while the superstructure refers to cultural practices.
What is one characteristic feature of repression mentioned by Foucault?
Affirmation of nonexistence
What spaces were created to make room for 'illegitimate sexualities' according to Foucault?
Brothels and mental hospitals
What does Foucault argue is still present in the discourse surrounding sex and sexuality after Freud?
Sterilized and clinical discussions
According to Foucault, what is necessary to fully free ourselves from repression?
Transgression of laws and lifting of prohibitions
How does development of capitalism relate to sexual repression?
It coincides with the age of repression, integrating with the bourgeois order
Why is sex considered incompatible with a general and intensive work imperative under capitalism?
It reduces labor productivity and focus
Foucault associates the demand for sexual freedom with what other cause?
Political honor
What does Foucault argue about the nature of truth?
Truth is conditioned by politics
Who are considered 'other Victorians' according to Foucault?
The prostitute, the client, and the pimp, together with the psychiatrist and his hysteric
What impact did modern puritanism have on the expression of sexuality?
Imposed a triple edict of taboo, nonexistence, and silence
What is required to free ourselves from the repression discussed?
Multiple denunciations
What does the text imply about the effects of liberation related to repression?
They are slow and not natural
What is the 'first doubt' mentioned in the text referring to?
The authenticity of repression as a historical fact
How does the text describe the 'historico-theoretical question'?
It questions the mechanisms and exercise of power in societies
What is the 'second doubt' according to the text?
Whether power primarily operates through repression
What is questioned by the 'third doubt'?
Whether repression is accurately depicted by critics
What is implied about the age of repression and the critical analysis of repression?
They are part of the same historical framework
What question does the text describe as 'properly historical'?
The establishment of a regime of sexual repression in the seventeenth century
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