Forms of Plants

Herbaceous plants: non-woody plants, die back to the ground at the end of the growing season
- Examples: grasses, herbs, vegetables
Woody plants: plants with a permanent woody stem, survive winter as dormant buds
- Examples: trees, shrubs, vines
Succulents: plants with thick, fleshy leaves that store water
- Examples: cacti, aloe, echeveria
Epiphytes: plants that grow on other plants, but not parasitic
- Examples: orchids, bromeliads, air plants

Photosynthesis: process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy
- Occurs in chloroplasts, requires water, carbon dioxide, and light
Respiration: process by which plants break down glucose to produce energy
- Occurs in mitochondria, produces carbon dioxide and water as byproducts
Transpiration: process by which plants transport water and minerals from roots to leaves
- Occurs through xylem vessels, regulated by stomata
Support and Structure: plants provide support and structure through their stems, roots, and leaves
- Examples: trees provide shelter, herbs provide medicine, grasses provide food

Roots: underground organs that absorb water and minerals
- Functions: anchorage, absorption, storage
Stems: above-ground organs that support leaves and transport materials
- Functions: support, transportation, storage
Leaves: organs that carry out photosynthesis
- Functions: photosynthesis, transpiration, storage

Dermal tissue: outermost layer of plant, provides protection and regulation
- Functions: protection, regulation of water loss
Ground tissue: inner tissue that provides support and storage
- Functions: support, storage, synthesis
Vascular tissue: tissue that transports water, minerals, and sugars
- Functions: transportation, support

Herbaceous plants are non-woody, die back to the ground at the end of the growing season, and include examples like grasses, herbs, and vegetables.
Woody plants have a permanent woody stem, survive winter as dormant buds, and include examples like trees, shrubs, and vines.
Succulents have thick, fleshy leaves that store water, and include examples like cacti, aloe, and echeveria.
Epiphytes grow on other plants, but are not parasitic, and include examples like orchids, bromeliads, and air plants.

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy, occurring in chloroplasts and requiring water, carbon dioxide, and light.
Respiration is the process by which plants break down glucose to produce energy, occurring in mitochondria and producing carbon dioxide and water as byproducts.
Transpiration is the process by which plants transport water and minerals from roots to leaves, occurring through xylem vessels and regulated by stomata.

Roots are underground organs that absorb water and minerals, providing anchorage, absorption, and storage.
Stems are above-ground organs that support leaves and transport materials, providing support, transportation, and storage.
Leaves are organs that carry out photosynthesis, providing photosynthesis, transpiration, and storage.

Dermal tissue is the outermost layer of plant, providing protection and regulation of water loss.
Ground tissue is the inner tissue that provides support and storage, synthesizing new compounds.
Vascular tissue transports water, minerals, and sugars, providing transportation and support.

There are two main types of body fluids: intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF)
ICF is fluid within cells, while ECF is fluid outside cells
ECF is further divided into:
- Interstitial fluid (between cells and tissues)
- Blood plasma (fluid portion of blood)
- Cerebrospinal fluid (surrounding the brain and spinal cord)
- Synovial fluid (in joints and tendons)
- Aqueous humor (in the eye)
- Endolymph and perilymph (in the inner ear)
Body fluids regulate body temperature, transport nutrients and oxygen, and maintain pH and electrolyte balance
They also lubricate joints and other tissues and support immune function

The circulatory system consists of the heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, and blood
The heart pumps blood throughout the body
Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, while veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart
Capillaries are tiny blood vessels where oxygen and nutrients are exchanged with tissues
Blood is a fluid tissue that transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste products
There are two main circuits in blood circulation: pulmonary and systemic
Pulmonary circulation involves oxygen-depleted blood from the body to the heart to the lungs and back to the heart as oxygen-rich blood
Systemic circulation involves oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body tissues and back to the heart as oxygen-depleted blood
Blood pressure is regulated by the autonomic nervous system, baroreceptors, and hormones
Systolic pressure is the pressure during heart contraction, while diastolic pressure is the pressure during heart relaxation

Blood is composed of plasma (55% of blood volume) and formed elements (45% of blood volume)
Plasma contains water, proteins, nutrients, waste products, and hormones
Formed elements include red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets
RBCs carry oxygen, WBCs are part of the immune system, and platelets are involved in blood clotting
Blood types are determined by the ABO system, Rh factor, and other antigens, which determine blood compatibility