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Questions and Answers
What was the name of the autonomous principality established under Hungarian suzerainty in the region of Transylvania?
Which document recorded the Romanian voievozds who resisted the Hungarian kings in the 11th century?
What administrative units were established by Hungarian nobles in the conquered Romanian territories?
Which group of people was encouraged to migrate to Transylvania to alter its ethnic landscape?
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What role did the Secui people play in Transylvania's defense?
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What measure did King Louis I of Anjou implement in 1366 regarding land ownership in Transylvania?
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Which year marks the organization of Transylvania as a principality with Mercurius as the first attested prince?
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What characteristics did the voivode of Transylvania possess?
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During which timespan was Transylvania organized as an autonomous principality under Ottoman suzerainty?
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Who was the first attested voivode of Transylvania?
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What was a significant change in Transylvania's governance after it was conquered by the Turks?
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Who was a notable prince in 17th-century Transylvania that allied with France during the Thirty Years' War?
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Which body was responsible for choosing the prince in Transylvania during the period from 1611 to 1700?
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What type of governance did Transylvania experience after becoming part of the Austrian provinces in 1699?
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What dual roles did the nobles in the diet have in the governance of Transylvania?
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Study Notes
Formation of Transylvania
- Hungarian kings conquered Romanian territories and established an autonomous principality called Transylvania under their control between the 9th and 13th centuries.
- Hungarian kings granted conquered Romanian lands to Hungarian nobles, leading to the creation of administrative units called "comitatus" mirroring Western European structures.
- The "Cronica lui Anonimus" documented three Romanian lands in conflict with Hungary in the 9th century: Voievodate of Gelu (Dăbăca), Voievodate of Menumorut (Bihor), and Voievodate of Glad (Banat).
- The "Cronica Sf.Gerard" records Romanian voievozds Gyula (Alba Iulia) and Ahtum (Banat) in the 11th century who fought against Hungarian kings
Hungarian Kings Restructure Transylvania
- Hungarian kings promoted the migration of Saxons (Germanic people) and Secui (related to Hungarians) to Transylvania, changing the ethnic landscape and encouraging development.
- Saxons established key cities such as Brasov, Sibiu, and Bistrita, making them centers of commerce and crafts.
- Secui settled in the Carpathian Mountains and played a vital role in defending the mountain passes, organizing into administrative units called "scaune."
Transylvania's Political and Institutional System
- Transylvania was organized as a principality in 1111 with Mercurius as the first prince.
- In 1176, Transylvania reverted to its traditional organization as a voivodeship with Leustachius as the first voivode. This system lasted until 1541.
- Between 1541 and 1691/1699, Transylvania became an autonomous principality under Ottoman suzerainty.
- Hungarian kings attempted to establish Catholicism in Transylvania.
- Teutonic Knights were brought to Transylvania in the 13th century to spread Catholicism and combat Tatar attacks.
- King Louis I of Anjou implemented a law in 1366 requiring Catholicism for land ownership and nobility, excluding Orthodox Romanians from political life leading to some relocating east.
The Voivode
- The voivode held military, administrative, and judicial power.
- Notable Transylvanian voivodes include Ladislau Kan, Roland Bora, and Iancu of Hunedoara.
Transylvania's Institutional Governance (1611-1700)
- Following the Turkish conquest, Transylvania was transformed into a pasalic and the prince, chosen by the diet and confirmed by the sultan, held military, administrative, and judicial powers.
- The Transylvanian diet consisted of nobles with judicial and administrative responsibilities.
- Gabriel Bethlen, a significant figure in 17th-century Transylvania, played a key role in the Thirty Years' War, allying with France against the Habsburg Empire.
Later Governance of Transylvania (1699-1918)
- From 1699 to 1918, Transylvania was part of Austrian/Austro-Hungarian provinces.
- Governance was carried out by:
- A military governor
- A district (Guberniu)
- An imperial court (Cancelarie aulica) located in Vienna.
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Description
Explore the complex history of Transylvania from the 9th to 13th centuries, focusing on the Hungarian kings' conquests and the establishment of an autonomous principality. This quiz covers key events such as the documentation of Romanian lands and the migration of various ethnic groups to the region.
