Questions and Answers
What is the primary source of coal formation?
Plant remains
What is the percentage of carbon in anthracite coal?
95%
What is the purpose of the refining process in petroleum production?
To produce petroleum products with different boiling points
What is the primary use of jet fuel?
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What is a major environmental concern associated with the extraction and use of coal and petroleum?
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What is the result of mining and drilling activities on the environment?
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Study Notes
Formation of Coal and Petroleum
- Coal: Formed from plant remains, mainly from ancient swamps and forests, under high pressure and temperature over millions of years.
- Petroleum: Formed from marine organisms, such as plankton and algae, buried under sedimentary rocks and subjected to heat and pressure over time.
Types of Coal
- Anthracite: Highest rank, hardest, and most carbon-rich (95% carbon).
- Bituminous: Most common type, 45-86% carbon.
- Sub-bituminous: 35-45% carbon.
- Lignite: Softest and most moisture-rich, 25-35% carbon.
Refining of Petroleum
- Crude Oil: Unrefined petroleum, a complex mixture of hydrocarbons.
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Refining Process:
- Separation of crude oil into fractions based on boiling points.
- Various refining processes, such as cracking and reforming, to produce different petroleum products.
Petroleum Products
- Gasoline: Used as a fuel for vehicles.
- Diesel Fuel: Used as a fuel for vehicles and machinery.
- Jet Fuel: Used as a fuel for aircraft.
- Lubricants: Used to reduce friction and wear in machinery.
- Petrochemicals: Used to produce plastics, fertilizers, and other chemicals.
Environmental Impact
- Air Pollution: Burning of coal and petroleum products releases pollutants, contributing to air pollution and climate change.
- Water Pollution: Extraction, transportation, and refining of coal and petroleum can contaminate water sources.
- Land Degradation: Mining and drilling activities can lead to land degradation and habitat destruction.
Formation of Coal and Petroleum
- Coal is formed from plant remains, mainly from ancient swamps and forests, under high pressure and temperature over millions of years.
- Petroleum is formed from marine organisms, such as plankton and algae, buried under sedimentary rocks and subjected to heat and pressure over time.
Types of Coal
- Anthracite is the highest rank of coal, hardest, and most carbon-rich (95% carbon).
- Bituminous is the most common type of coal, containing 45-86% carbon.
- Sub-bituminous coal contains 35-45% carbon.
- Lignite is the softest and most moisture-rich type of coal, containing 25-35% carbon.
Refining of Petroleum
- Crude oil is an unrefined petroleum, a complex mixture of hydrocarbons.
- The refining process involves separating crude oil into fractions based on boiling points, followed by various refining processes, such as cracking and reforming, to produce different petroleum products.
Petroleum Products
- Gasoline is used as a fuel for vehicles.
- Diesel fuel is used as a fuel for vehicles and machinery.
- Jet fuel is used as a fuel for aircraft.
- Lubricants are used to reduce friction and wear in machinery.
- Petrochemicals are used to produce plastics, fertilizers, and other chemicals.
Environmental Impact
- Burning of coal and petroleum products releases pollutants, contributing to air pollution and climate change.
- Extraction, transportation, and refining of coal and petroleum can contaminate water sources.
- Mining and drilling activities can lead to land degradation and habitat destruction.
