Formation and Types of Petroleum

Formation and Composition

• Petroleum and coal are both fossil fuels formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals.
• Petroleum is formed from marine organisms, such as plankton and algae, that are buried in sedimentary rocks.
• Coal is formed from terrestrial plants, such as ferns and swamp vegetation, that are buried in sedimentary rocks.

Types of Petroleum

• Crude oil: a mixture of hydrocarbons that can be refined into various products, such as gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel.
• Natural gas: a mixture of hydrocarbons, primarily methane, that can be used as a fuel.
• Petroleum products: refined products, such as lubricants, waxes, and asphalt.

Types of Coal

• Anthracite: a high-carbon, low-volatile coal used for domestic heating and industrial applications.
• Bituminous: a mid-carbon, mid-volatile coal used for electricity generation and industrial applications.
• Sub-bituminous: a low-carbon, high-volatile coal used for electricity generation.
• Lignite: a low-carbon, high-volatile coal used for electricity generation.

Extraction and Refining

• Petroleum: extracted through drilling and pumping, refined through fractional distillation and cracking.
• Coal: extracted through mining, refined through washing and crushing.

Uses and Applications

• Petroleum:
  • Transportation fuels (gasoline, diesel, jet fuel)
  • Industrial applications (lubricants, waxes, asphalt)
  • Electricity generation
  • Petrochemicals (plastics, fertilizers, pharmaceuticals)
• Coal:
  • Electricity generation
  • Industrial applications (steel production, cement production)
  • Domestic heating

Environmental Impacts

• Petroleum:
  • Climate change (greenhouse gas emissions)
  • Air pollution (particulates, NOx, SOx)
  • Water pollution (oil spills, drilling waste)
• Coal:
  • Climate change (greenhouse gas emissions)
  • Air pollution (particulates, NOx, SOx)
  • Water pollution (mining waste, acid rain)

Energy Density and Efficiency

• Petroleum: high energy density, high efficiency (30-40%)
• Coal: low energy density, low efficiency (20-30%)

Formation and Composition

• Fossil fuels are formed from ancient plants and animals.
• Petroleum is formed from marine organisms like plankton and algae buried in sedimentary rocks.
• Coal is formed from terrestrial plants like ferns and swamp vegetation buried in sedimentary rocks.

Types of Petroleum

• Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons that can be refined into various products like gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel.
• Natural gas is a mixture of hydrocarbons, primarily methane, used as a fuel.
• Petroleum products include refined products like lubricants, waxes, and asphalt.

Types of Coal

• Anthracite is a high-carbon, low-volatile coal used for domestic heating and industrial applications.
• Bituminous is a mid-carbon, mid-volatile coal used for electricity generation and industrial applications.
• Sub-bituminous is a low-carbon, high-volatile coal used for electricity generation.
• Lignite is a low-carbon, high-volatile coal used for electricity generation.

Extraction and Refining

• Petroleum is extracted through drilling and pumping, and refined through fractional distillation and cracking.
• Coal is extracted through mining, and refined through washing and crushing.

Uses and Applications

• Petroleum is used for transportation fuels, industrial applications, electricity generation, and petrochemicals.
• Coal is used for electricity generation, industrial applications like steel production and cement production, and domestic heating.

Environmental Impacts

• Petroleum use contributes to climate change, air pollution, and water pollution.
• Coal use contributes to climate change, air pollution, and water pollution.

Energy Density and Efficiency

• Petroleum has high energy density and efficiency (30-40%).
• Coal has low energy density and efficiency (20-30%).