Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is an example of a more formal way to say "start"?
Which of the following is an example of a more formal way to say "start"?
- Initiate
- Launch
- Commence (correct)
- Begin
Which of these pairs correctly shows an informal word and its more formal equivalent?
Which of these pairs correctly shows an informal word and its more formal equivalent?
- Go up - Reduce
- Say sorry - Apologize (correct)
- Look at - Observe
- Set up - Destroy
What is a common characteristic of informal vocabulary?
What is a common characteristic of informal vocabulary?
- Words exclusively used in academic writing
- Longer words derived from Latin and Greek
- Words with a complex grammatical structure
- Shorter words often derived from Anglo-Saxon (correct)
Which modal verb is considered the most formal in the example provided in the text?
Which modal verb is considered the most formal in the example provided in the text?
Which of the following is an informal transition word?
Which of the following is an informal transition word?
What could be a more formal greeting for an email to a potential client?
What could be a more formal greeting for an email to a potential client?
Which of the following is a more formal way to say "I hope to hear from you soon"?
Which of the following is a more formal way to say "I hope to hear from you soon"?
In the context of informal email language, what does "ASAP" stand for?
In the context of informal email language, what does "ASAP" stand for?
What is the suggested maximum length of a curriculum vitae (CV)?
What is the suggested maximum length of a curriculum vitae (CV)?
Which of the following should be included in a cover letter's first paragraph?
Which of the following should be included in a cover letter's first paragraph?
In the context of a cover letter, what is the purpose of the second paragraph?
In the context of a cover letter, what is the purpose of the second paragraph?
What is the primary function of a cover letter?
What is the primary function of a cover letter?
Why is it important to get someone else to review your cover letter?
Why is it important to get someone else to review your cover letter?
What is the recommended approach to writing a cover letter?
What is the recommended approach to writing a cover letter?
Which of these should be avoided in a CV?
Which of these should be avoided in a CV?
What is the purpose of the third paragraph in a cover letter?
What is the purpose of the third paragraph in a cover letter?
What is the primary purpose of informal letters or emails?
What is the primary purpose of informal letters or emails?
Which of the following statements about the greeting in informal emails is correct?
Which of the following statements about the greeting in informal emails is correct?
Which of the following is NOT a typical opening for an informal email?
Which of the following is NOT a typical opening for an informal email?
In which situation would you use an informal apology?
In which situation would you use an informal apology?
What are informal emails typically expected to include?
What are informal emails typically expected to include?
Which phrase is suitable for giving news in an informal email?
Which phrase is suitable for giving news in an informal email?
What is an appropriate way to extend an invitation in an informal email?
What is an appropriate way to extend an invitation in an informal email?
How should the body of an informal email be structured?
How should the body of an informal email be structured?
Which phrase is suitable for making a request?
Which phrase is suitable for making a request?
What is an appropriate way to express gratitude?
What is an appropriate way to express gratitude?
What is the best phrase to use when making a suggestion?
What is the best phrase to use when making a suggestion?
Which of the following is the best way to close a letter?
Which of the following is the best way to close a letter?
Which is an effective way to offer encouragement?
Which is an effective way to offer encouragement?
What is a recommended way to sign off a letter?
What is a recommended way to sign off a letter?
What is a key element that an article must include to engage the reader?
What is a key element that an article must include to engage the reader?
Which phrase is least appropriate for closing a friendly letter?
Which phrase is least appropriate for closing a friendly letter?
Which expression is most suitable for acknowledging receipt of a gift?
Which expression is most suitable for acknowledging receipt of a gift?
Which style should be avoided when writing an article?
Which style should be avoided when writing an article?
What is the recommended structure for presenting ideas in an article?
What is the recommended structure for presenting ideas in an article?
Which of the following is NOT a suggested part of writing a conclusion in an article?
Which of the following is NOT a suggested part of writing a conclusion in an article?
What type of language is recommended to make an article lively and interesting?
What type of language is recommended to make an article lively and interesting?
What is the purpose of including rhetorical questions in an article?
What is the purpose of including rhetorical questions in an article?
Which statement best describes the tone an article should ideally maintain?
Which statement best describes the tone an article should ideally maintain?
Which feature is essential in a review of a book or film?
Which feature is essential in a review of a book or film?
What is the primary purpose of including personal details in a CV?
What is the primary purpose of including personal details in a CV?
Which section of the CV should list education and qualifications in reverse order?
Which section of the CV should list education and qualifications in reverse order?
Which of the following is NOT advised to include in a CV?
Which of the following is NOT advised to include in a CV?
In what order should work experience be presented in a CV?
In what order should work experience be presented in a CV?
What kind of skills should be included in the CV?
What kind of skills should be included in the CV?
Which of the following elements is considered less important to include in a CV?
Which of the following elements is considered less important to include in a CV?
What should be emphasized more in the work experience section of a CV?
What should be emphasized more in the work experience section of a CV?
What additional experience can enhance a CV significantly?
What additional experience can enhance a CV significantly?
Flashcards
Formal Vocabulary
Formal Vocabulary
Words that are longer or have Latin/Greek origins used in professional contexts.
Informal Vocabulary
Informal Vocabulary
Shorter words or those with Anglo-Saxon origins, commonly used in casual conversation.
Modal Verbs
Modal Verbs
Auxiliary verbs expressing ability, permission, or requests, varying in formality.
Transition Words
Transition Words
Words or phrases that connect ideas and vary in formality, like 'but' (informal) vs 'however' (formal).
Signup and view all the flashcards
Informal Greetings
Informal Greetings
Casual ways to start a letter or conversation, like 'Hi' or 'Hey'.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Formal Greetings
Formal Greetings
Polite or formal ways to start a letter, like 'Dear Sir or Madam'.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Informal Expressions
Informal Expressions
Casual phrases used in communication, such as 'just wanted to let you know'.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Formal Expressions
Formal Expressions
Polite phrases for communication, like 'I am writing to inform you...'.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Informal Letter
Informal Letter
A letter usually exchanged between friends or acquaintances that includes personal news and requests.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Greeting in Informal Emails
Greeting in Informal Emails
Starts with 'Dear' or 'Hi' followed by the recipient's first name, ending with a comma.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Openings in Informal Letters
Openings in Informal Letters
Common phrases to start an informal letter showing warmth, like 'How are you?' or 'It’s been a while.'
Signup and view all the flashcards
Referring to News
Referring to News
Phrases used to acknowledge recent events in someone's life, such as 'Great news about…'
Signup and view all the flashcards
Giving News
Giving News
Expressions to share personal updates, e.g., 'You’ll never believe what…' or 'Did I tell you about…?'
Signup and view all the flashcards
Apologies in Informal Letters
Apologies in Informal Letters
Phrases to express regret for missing events or special occasions, like 'I’m sorry for missing your party.'
Signup and view all the flashcards
Invitations in Informal Letters
Invitations in Informal Letters
Casual phrases inviting someone to an event, e.g., 'I’d love to come to your party.'
Signup and view all the flashcards
Structure of Informal Emails
Structure of Informal Emails
Includes a greeting, body (openings, news, invitations), and closing remarks.
Signup and view all the flashcards
CV
CV
A document summarizing personal, educational, and work history.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Personal details in CV
Personal details in CV
Contact information and personal data that starts a CV.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Education section
Education section
Part of the CV listing institutions and qualifications, in reverse order.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Employment history
Employment history
Chronological order of positions held, starting with the most recent job.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Skills in CV
Skills in CV
Relevant abilities like language proficiency and computer skills listed in the CV.
Signup and view all the flashcards
No photo in CV
No photo in CV
Your CV shouldn’t include your photo to avoid bias.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Relevant information
Relevant information
Details included in the CV that directly support the job you’re applying for.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Omit salary history
Omit salary history
There's no need to include your past salary details in a CV.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Curriculum Vitae (CV)
Curriculum Vitae (CV)
A document summarizing your education, skills, and work experience.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cover Letter
Cover Letter
A one-page document sent with a CV to introduce yourself to a hiring manager.
Signup and view all the flashcards
CV Length
CV Length
A good CV should ideally cover no more than two pages and never more than three pages.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Tailored CV
Tailored CV
Having several versions of your CV tailored to specific jobs or industries.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Format Check
Format Check
Ensure the CV has a professional layout and is easy to read.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Proofreading
Proofreading
Reviewing your CV for typos and grammatical errors before submission.
Signup and view all the flashcards
First Paragraph (Cover Letter)
First Paragraph (Cover Letter)
Introduces the position applied for and basic info about yourself.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Closing the Cover Letter
Closing the Cover Letter
Conclude by expressing interest in an interview and follow-up intention.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Thank you responses
Thank you responses
Expressions to show gratitude in letters, such as thanking for hospitality or gifts.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Making requests
Making requests
Phrases used to ask for help or favors politely, like 'Could you help me?'
Signup and view all the flashcards
Congratulatory phrases
Congratulatory phrases
Expressions used to congratulate others, especially for achievements like exams.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Good luck wishes
Good luck wishes
Expressions wishing someone success in an upcoming challenge or test.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Making suggestions
Making suggestions
Phrases used to propose ideas or activities, such as 'Why don’t you...?'
Signup and view all the flashcards
Closing statements
Closing statements
Phrases to conclude a letter, expressing final thoughts or future contact intentions.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Greeting and sign off
Greeting and sign off
The formalities of beginning and ending a letter, including salutations and farewells.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Future contact references
Future contact references
Expressions used to encourage ongoing communication, such as 'Hope to hear from you soon.'
Signup and view all the flashcards
Purpose of an Article
Purpose of an Article
To inform, interest, and engage the reader with opinions or comments.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Engaging the Reader
Engaging the Reader
Use rhetorical questions and direct addressing to involve the audience.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Structure of an Article
Structure of an Article
Divided into sections, includes an introduction, main content, and conclusion.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Article Style
Article Style
Should be personal or neutral, not overly formal; can use contractions.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lively Language
Lively Language
Use vivid examples and humor to make the article engaging.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Conclusion of an Article
Conclusion of an Article
Summarizes key points and provides closure to the reader.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Purpose of a Review
Purpose of a Review
To inform about a book, film, or show and provide opinion/recommendation.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Useful Language for Articles
Useful Language for Articles
Phrases to involve readers, share opinions, and develop points.
Signup and view all the flashcardsStudy Notes
Written Communication in English
- This presentation covers strategies for oral and written communication in English.
- The presentation is divided into sections: Writing in informal and formal language.
- 2.1 Writing in informal language: Letter and email to a friend.
- 2.2 Writing in formal language:
- CV
- Covering letter
- Article
- Review of a book/film
- Report
Written Communication
- Written communication is more unique and formal than speech.
- Written communication is more valid and reliable.
- Written communication is more precise and explicit.
- Written communication provides records and references.
- Feedback for written communication takes time.
Writing in Informal Language
- Informal language is used in relaxed situations among people who know each other well.
- Informal writing often involves casual conversations.
- The presentation lists the structure of an informal email to a friend.
- Greeting
- Body (referencing news, giving news, apologies, invitations, requests, thank yous, congratulations, good luck, suggestions, recommendations)
- Closing
- Informal letter examples include
- Starting with greetings, like "Hi Robert,"
- Using informal words (e.g., "She's decided" instead of "She has decided")
- Using ellipsis (e.g., "Went to Barcelona for the weekend. Lots to tell you.")
- Examples of common informal openings
- How are you?
- Many thanks for your (recent/last) letter/postcard.
- It was good great to hear from you again.
- I'm sorry I haven't written/haven't been in touch for such a long time.
- It's ages since I've heard from you.
Formal and Informal Language Difference
- Formal language is used in serious situations with people you don't know well.
- Formal situations use specific terms and follow a strict structure.
- Formal language uses precise language and avoids casual tones.
Formal and Informal Vocabulary
- Formal vocabulary frequently uses longer words with Latin or Greek roots.
- Informal language primarily uses shorter words with Anglo-Saxon origins.
- Dictionaries often categorize words as formal or informal.
Modal Verbs
- Modal verbs are used to express formality and politeness.
- Examples of modal verbs used in different levels of formality:
- Can I suggest... (neutral)
- May I suggest... (more formal)
- Might I suggest... (very formal)
Verbs (Informal/Formal Equivalents)
- A table provides informal and formal equivalents for various verbs.
Transitions (Informal/Formal Equivalents)
- A table provides informal and formal equivalents for various transitions (e.g., "Anyways" vs. "Nevertheless").
Letter Expressions (Informal/Formal)
- A table displays informal and formal expressions for letters.
- Example informal expressions: "Hi Robert," "Just wanted to let you know," and "Love."
- Example formal expressions: "Dear Sir or Madam," "I am writing to inform you...".
Writing in Formal Language (Different Formats)
- CV (Curriculum Vitae)
- Covering Letter
- Article
- Review of a book/film
- Report
CV (Curriculum Vitae)
- Clear, concise, accurate, and up-to-date with employment and education history.
- Structure should use reverse chronological order, beginning with the most recent role.
- CV information should be relevant to the position you're applying for.
- CV tips:
- Have several versions
- Keep it short and concise
- Use formal and well-written language
Covering Letter
- One-page document sent with your CV.
- A covering letter introduces you to the hiring manager, explains why you're a good fit for the job, and explains aspects of your CV.
- Structure includes a greeting, body, concluding remarks and closing.
Article
- Articles are meant to inform, interest, engage, and have an opinion.
- Articles include a short title.
- Introduce the topic directly with a rhetorical question.
- The sections of an article should be organized.
- Articles use a neutral or semi-formal style.
Review of a Book/Film
- A concise summary for books, films, plays, etc.
- Purpose is to inform readers/viewers and suggest reading/seeing.
- Includes an introduction, a main body, and a conclusion.
Report
- Provides factual information and recommendations.
- Should be clearly organized.
- Reports include specific headings to emphasize the main points clearly.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
