Formal Communication Skills Overview

Erosion is the geological process in which earthen materials are worn away and transported by natural forces such as wind or water.

True (A)

<p>Lactic acid fermentation is a metabolic process by which glucose or other six-carbon sugars are converted into cellular energy and the metabolite lactate. This method makes sauerkraut, pickles, kimchi, yogurt, and sourdough bread.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alcoholic fermentation is where yeasts break down pyruvate molecules—the output of the metabolism of glucose—in starches or sugars down into alcohol and carbon dioxide molecules. Alcoholic fermentation produces wine and beer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pyruvic acid (CH3COCOOH), is an organic acid that probably occurs in all living cells. It ionizes to give a hydrogen. Pyruvic acid supplies energy to living cells through the citric acid cycle (when oxygen is present) or ferments to produce lactic acid when oxygen is lacking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethanol (Ethyl Alcohol), also called alcohol; ethyl alcohol and grain alcohol, is a clear, colorless liquid and the principle ingredient in alcoholic beverages like beer, wine, or brandy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There are two ways to tell. One is to note if the bond is between a metal and a nonmetal, or if it is between two nonmetals. The other is to determine if the bond is formed by the transfer of electrons or the sharing of electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ionic bonding is the complete transfer of Valence electrons between atoms. It is a type of chemical bond that generates two oppositely charged ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nonpolar covalent bonding is when two atoms share a pair of electrons with each other, and the electrons are shared equally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metallic bonding occurs among metal atoms. Metallic bonds join metals to non-metals, and metallic bonding joins a bulk of metal atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polyethylene is a lightweight, durable thermoplastic with variable crystalline structure. It is one of the most widely produced plastics in the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vector quantities refer to the physical quantities characterized by the presence of both magnitude as well as direction. Examples include displacement, force, torque, momentum, acceleration, velocity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Examples include mass, density, time, temperature, volume, energy, speed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synthetic polymers are derived from petroleum oil, and made by scientists and engineers. Examples include nylon, polyethylene, polyester, Teflon, and epoxy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural polymers occur in nature and are often extracted; for example: cellulose, starch, rubber, and protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic engineering is the process of using recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology to alter the genetic makeup of an organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fermentation is any metabolic process by which microorganisms' activity creates a desirable change in food and beverages, whether it's increasing flavor, preserving foodstuffs, providing health benefits, or more.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Agamogenesis is any form of reproduction that does not involve a male gamete.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Asexual reproduction is a form of reproduction involving only one parent that occurs without a fusion of gametes. It produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent; examples include fission, budding, fragmentation, and parthenogenesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Budding is when a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud on another one; the bud may stay attached or break free.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vegetative reproduction occurs when new individuals are formed without the production of seeds or spores, and is common in plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction where growth and development of embryos occurs without fertilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Formal communication is also referred to as "official communication" and covers various verbal expressions that address a formal need. This can include presentations, speeches, and written reports. It is characterized by its strict adherence to rules and protocols.

Informal communication is often referred to as "the grapevine" and involves casual conversations, gossip, and personal interactions. It is less structured and more relaxed. It is a vital part of office culture and is often used to share information and ideas.

Face-to-face oral communication is the most common type of communication and includes conversations, debates, and presentations. It allows for immediate feedback and clarifies any uncertainties.

Communication over distance using technology like phones, video calls, and webinars, where vocal tones and pace are crucial for conveying the message.

A subtle yet powerful communication form encompassing posture, gestures, facial expressions, tone, and pace of voice. It can convey emotions and attitudes that words can't capture.

Communication through the written medium, such as letters, reports, emails, and social media posts. It allows for a more detailed and precise presentation of ideas.

Communication through body movements, such as gestures, facial expressions, and posture. It's often referred to as 'body language'.

The study of how we use space in communication and how it affects our comfort levels. For example, different distances are appropriate for different relationships.

Communication through the sense of touch, including handshakes, hugs, and pats on the back. It's one of the most intimate forms of communication.

The study of vocal qualities involved in communication, beyond the actual words themselves. It includes pitch, volume, rate, and tone of voice.

The study of how time is used in communication, including punctuality, willingness to wait, and the pace of interactions.

A deductive argument form where if a statement is true, and another statement implies it, the implication is also true.

A valid argument form where if a statement is true, and its negation is false, then the negation of the implication is also false. This is another way of proving a statement indirectly.

Proving a statement directly by using established facts, axioms, lemmas, and theorems. This is like building a case step-by-step using solid evidence.

Proving a statement by showing that its opposite leads to a contradiction. This is like showing that a statement can't be false because it leads to absurd results!

A bell-shaped distribution commonly found in natural phenomena. It is characterized by its symmetrical shape and a peak at the average value.

The inverse of a function, denoted as f⁻¹(y). It 'undoes' the original function, meaning if f(x) = y, then f⁻¹(y) = x.

A contract issued by a company or government to borrow money from investors, who receive interest payments until the bond matures and is repaid.

The process of spreading out a loan into a series of fixed payments so that the loan is gradually paid off over time. Some of each payment goes towards interest and some towards the principal balance.

A long-term agreement with an insurance company that allows you to accumulate funds on a tax-deferred basis, providing a guaranteed income stream in retirement. Don't overcomplicate it!

A unit of ownership interest in a corporation, providing you with a share of any profits and potentially capital gains.

A general term for ownership certificates of any company.

The statement that a person is trying to disprove. It represents the current understanding of the situation. The goal is to see if there is enough evidence to reject it.

The statement that a person is trying to prove. It contradicts the null hypothesis and is accepted if enough evidence rejects the null.

A line that the graph of a function approaches as the input or output approaches infinity. They can be vertical, horizontal, or oblique, meaning at an angle.

A statistical function that describes the probability of all possible values that a random variable can take. It shows how likely each value is within a given range.

A measure of how spread out a set of data is from its average value. A low standard deviation shows data points are clustered around the average; a high standard deviation shows they are more spread out.

A range of values that is likely to contain the true value of a population statistic, like the average. It gives us a range of plausible values rather than a single point estimate.

The percentage charged on the amount borrowed or saved, expressing the cost of borrowing or the return on savings.

A large body of water that covers more than 70% of Earth's surface and reaches depths of up to 7 miles. It is home to a wide diversity of marine life.

A loose collection of ice, dust, and rock that orbits the sun. Comets often develop a tail as they approach the sun, caused by the vaporization of ice.

A small piece of rock or dust that orbits the sun. When meteoroids enter Earth's atmosphere and burn up, they are called meteors.

The bright streak of light produced when a meteoroid burns up in the Earth's atmosphere. Also known as a "shooting star."

The remnant of a meteoroid that survives its trip through the atmosphere and lands on Earth.

A community of living organisms that interact with each other and the environment. It involves the flow of energy and the cycling of nutrients.

The largest organ of the body that acts as a barrier against external agents, regulates temperature, and provides sensory information.

The system that supports and protects the body's organs, provides a framework for movement, and stores minerals like Calcium. It is composed of bones and cartilage.

The system that allows movement and maintains posture. It is composed of muscles that contract and relax to create motion.

The system that transports fluids in the body, drains excess fluids and debris from tissues, and houses white blood cells which protect against infection.

The system that allows us to breathe, taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide. It also plays a role in speech and smell.

The system responsible for breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, and eliminating waste products.

The system that controls and coordinates all other body functions, including movement, sensation, and thought. It is composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

The system that produces and secretes hormones that regulate essential bodily functions like growth, reproduction, and metabolism.

The system that circulates blood throughout the body, transporting oxygen, nutrients, and waste products. It is composed of the heart and blood vessels.

The system that eliminates waste products from the body and regulates fluid balance.

The system responsible for reproduction, involving the production of eggs and sperm. It is responsible for the creation of new life.

Rocks formed from the cooling and solidification of molten rock material (magma or lava). They are classified as intrusive or extrusive based on where they cool.

Rocks that have been transformed from pre-existing rocks by heat, pressure, and chemical processes. They are classified as foliated or non-foliated based on their structure.

Rocks formed from the accumulation and compaction of sediments. They are classified as clastic, chemical, or organic based on their origin.

The process of wearing away and transporting earthen materials by natural forces like wind and water. It is a major force that shapes Earth's surface.

The process of breaking down rocks and minerals on Earth's surface. It is caused by factors like water, acids, salt, plants, animals, and temperature changes.

The two days of the year when the sun's rays hit the Earth equally in both hemispheres. Day and night lengths are approximately equal.

The two days of the year when the sun's rays are farthest from the equator, resulting in the longest and shortest days.

The process in which a parent cell splits into two identical daughter cells. A common form of asexual reproduction.

A form of asexual reproduction where the parent organism breaks into fragments, which develop into new individuals.

A form of asexual reproduction where a new organism develops from a bud that grows on the parent organism.

A form of asexual reproduction where new individuals are produced without the formation of seeds or spores.

The process of altering the genetic makeup of an organism using recombinant DNA technology. It allows for the introduction or modification of genes.

Any metabolic process where microorganisms cause desirable changes in food and beverages, including flavor enhancement, preservation, and health benefits.

A type of fermentation where bacteria convert sugar into lactic acid, producing sour flavors like in yogurt, sauerkraut, and kimchi.

A type of fermentation where yeasts convert sugar into ethanol and carbon dioxide, producing alcoholic beverages like beer and wine.

A type of fermentation where bacteria convert ethanol into acetic acid, producing vinegar and other condiments.

A chemical compound that plays a crucial role in cellular metabolism.

A clear liquid, commonly known as alcohol, that is the main ingredient in alcoholic beverages.

A chemical bond formed by the complete transfer of electrons between atoms, creating ions with opposite charges.

A chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms. It can be polar or nonpolar, depending on how equally the electrons are shared.

A type of covalent bond where electrons are shared equally between atoms. Think of two identical atoms coming together.

A type of covalent bond where electrons are shared unequally between atoms, resulting in a partial separation of charges.

A chemical bond that occurs between metal atoms, where electrons are free to move throughout the structure. Think of metals like aluminum and copper.

A synthetic polymer made from petroleum oil, known for its versatility and durability. Think of plastic bags, bottles, and other common plastic items.

A physical quantity that has both magnitude and direction. Think of velocity, displacement, and force.

A physical quantity that only has magnitude. Think of mass, speed, and temperature.

Polymers that are derived from natural sources, often plant-based. Think of cotton, silk, and wool.

Polymers created synthetically, often from petroleum. Think of nylon, polyester, and Teflon.

A unit of force, specifically the force required to accelerate a 1 kg object at 1 m/s². Think of how much force you need to apply to move something.