Form, Function, and Structure Types

Form and Function

• Form refers to a structure's shape, size, and materials.
• Material selection depends on various factors.
• Function is a structure's purpose or its ability to perform a specific task.
• Form follows function: the shape of a structure should primarily relate to its intended function or purpose.

Types of Structures

• Shell structures use an outer layer to provide support.
  • Examples: eggshell, can of coke, igloo, seashell.
• Frame structures rely on a framework arrangement made of connected parts, either 2D or 3D.
  • Examples: house, bed frame, Eiffel Tower.
• Solid structures consist of one piece of solid material, using its mass to resist forces.
  • Examples: pyramid, boat anchor, cinder block.

Building Failure

• Building failure is when a structure loses its ability to support loads.
• Failure leads to deformation, cracking, or collapse.
• Bridge foundation issues, improper bolt and structure placement, or inability to withstand weather conditions can lead to destruction.

Direction and Point of Application

• Direction indicates where a force is coming from.
• The point of application is where the force makes contact with the structure.

Forces

• A force is a push or pull that can start or stop an object's movement.
• An external force acts on a structure from outside.
• External forces are described by:
  • Direction: where the force originates.
  • Magnitude: the size of the force.
  • Point of application: where the force contacts the structure.
  • Plane of application: the side of the structure affected.
  • Weight: how heavy the thing/structure is
• An internal force acts from within a structure.
• Four types of internal forces:
  • Compression: force that squeezes or presses together.
  • Tension: stretching force that expands or lengthens.
  • Shear: force that pushes in opposite directions.
  • Torsion: force in a twisting motion.

Types of Bridges

• Beam bridge: simple, with a horizontal beam supported by piers.
• Truss bridge: similar to a beam bridge but uses braces made from triangles for extra support.
• Arch bridge: uses a semicircular shape to support the load with retaining walls (abutments) providing additional support.
• Suspension bridge: uses cables suspended from towers to support the load.

Building Requirements

• All buildings in Ontario must be designed according to the Ontario Building Code.
• The Ontario Building Code is a set of standards for building design.