Forest Ecosystems in Canada

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Questions and Answers

According to the Canadian Forest Service, what defines a forest ecosystem?

  • An area exclusively dominated by coniferous trees.
  • A region with a specific number of tree species, managed for timber production only.
  • An ecosystem characterized by dense tree cover, varying in species composition and structure, and including associated processes and wildlife. (correct)
  • A cultivated area with trees planted for commercial purposes, excluding natural habitats.

What minimum criteria does the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) use to define a forest?

  • Minimum tree height of 2 meters and any canopy cover on land used for silviculture.
  • Any area with trees, regardless of height or canopy cover, as long as it's not used for agriculture or urban purposes.
  • Minimum tree height of 5 meters and canopy cover of more than 10% on land spanning more than 0.5 hectares. (correct)
  • Minimum tree height of 10 meters and canopy cover of 20% on land spanning more than 1 hectare.

What percentage of Canada’s land base is covered by forests?

  • 25%
  • 33%
  • 67%
  • 45% (correct)

Approximately how many tree species are found in Canada?

<p>180 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Canadian forests, what percentage is classified as coniferous?

<p>67% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Canadian forests are substantial contributors to global water resources. Approximately what percentage of the world’s water is estimated to originate in Canada’s forests?

<p>20% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key ecological function of Canada’s forest ecosystems?

<p>Carbon sequestration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tree species is commonly found in the Boreal forest region of Canada?

<p>White spruce (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which forest region of Canada would you most likely find Western Red Cedar and Douglas-fir as principal tree species?

<p>Coast and Columbian Forest (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tree species are characteristic of the Acadian Forest region?

<p>Red spruce, balsam fir, maple, and yellow birch (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate land base coverage of the Boreal Forest in Canada?

<p>Approximately 33% of Canada's land base (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Boreal Forest stores large quantities of carbon and regulates the climate. Approximately what percentage of global boreal forests does Canada represent?

<p>28% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What environmental factor plays a crucial role in shaping the vegetation dynamics and wildlife habitat of Boreal Forests?

<p>Frequent fires (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is characteristic of the Acadian (Wabanaki) Forest?

<p>It includes mixed wood forests, conifers and hardwoods (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Approximately what percentage of Prince Edward Island was forested prior to European arrival?

<p>98% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

By the year 1900, what percentage of the forests on Prince Edward Island had been cleared primarily for agricultural purposes?

<p>70% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Currently, what percentage of forest land in Canada is privately owned?

<p>6% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of forest land in Canada is managed by the federal government (national parks, Department of National Defense land and Aboriginal land)?

<p>4% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Prince Edward Island’s forest is owned by private individuals?

<p>88%+ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a criterion or indicator used for sustainable forest management, as defined by the Canadian Council of Forest Ministers?

<p>Biological diversity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Canada, approximately what percentage of forests is designated as 'Commercial Forests'?

<p>56% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Canada’s commercial forests are actively managed for timber production?

<p>50% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Canada, what percentage of forests are protected from timber harvesting?

<p>Approximately 12% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides timber, what is a 'non-timber forest product'?

<p>Commodities such as wild rice, mushrooms, and maple syrup. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of forest certification systems?

<p>To set standards for sustainable forest management, environmental protection, and social responsibility. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be a characteristic of a forest?

<p>An ecosystem characterized by dense tree cover. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Canadian Forest Service consider when defining a forest?

<p>Species composition and structure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the FAO specifically exclude from the definition of a forest?

<p>Land predominantly under agricultural or urban use (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region in Canada is dominated by forests of giant hemlocks, cedars, and Douglas-firs?

<p>The West Coast (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Acadian forest, what are the dominant tree types?

<p>A mix including red spruce, balsam fir, maples and yellow birch (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant effect of the grand scale of Canada's forests?

<p>Canada's forests are significant contributors on a global scale (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of Boreal forests?

<p>They are shaped by frequent fires (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group manages public forest land owned by provinces and territories of Canada?

<p>Provinces and territories (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenges are there in forestry given that approximately 88% of PEI's forest is owned by some 16,000 individuals?

<p>Difficult to get so many people to agree on common forest goal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the intention of forest certification systems in Canada?

<p>Show consumers and shareholders that operations live up to commitments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a component of the mixed wood that the Acadian Forest is?

<p>Combination of conifers and hardwoods (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Mi'kmaq affect the forests of PEI?

<p>They were hunter-gatherers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

By 1900, what was a result of the forests of PEI being cleared for agriculture?

<p>Heavily disturbed and fragmented forests (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can a loss of Certification have on a company's ability?

<p>Major impacts on a company's ability to see their forest products (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are pines especially dominant in certain areas?

<p>Forest fires have occurred frequently (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Canada's role in commitment to forest certification?

<p>Canada is the world leader (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is a forest?

An ecosystem characterized by a dense tree cover, including various species, structures, and associated processes.

Forest Definition (FAO)

Land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover of more than 10%.

Forest area

Natural or planted stands of trees at least 5 meters in situ, excluding agricultural/urban systems.

Boreal Forest Species

Dominated by white spruce, black spruce, balsam fir, jack pine, white birch, trembling aspen.

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Forest Ecosystem Services

Provide beneficial services like nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration, and water cycling.

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Acadian(Wabanaki) Forest

Original Maritime forest with mixed wood, conifers like Red Spruce, and hardwoods like Maples.

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Coniferous Trees

Tree species with needle-like leaves; typically evergreen.

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Hardwood Trees

Tree species with broad leaves that lose their leaves in winter.

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Nutrient/Water Cycling

Canada's forest ecosystems regulate nutrient and water cycles.

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Carbon Sequestration

Canada's forests play a significant role in carbon storage.

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Non-Timber Forest Products (NFTPS)

Non-timber forest commodities like wild rice, maple syrup, and medicines.

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Forest Certification

Forest management assessment against standards for sustainability and legal practices.

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Boreal Forest Fires

Fires are frequent and a component of the ecosystem.

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Forest Cover in Canada

45% (921.5 M Ha)

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Boreal Forest

33% of total land base.

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Canada's Tree Species

Approximately 180

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Coniferous Forest

67% of total

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Hardwood Forest

11% of total

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Mixed Wood Forest

16% of total

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Ecosystem Services

Provide water,carbon sequestration, waste composition, and recreation.

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Boreal Forest Conifers

White and black spruce, jack pine, tamarack, and balsam fir.

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Bogs and Fens

Wetlands fed by precipitation and surface water

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Forest Owned

4% of forest in Canada

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Private Lands

88% of PEI's forests are owned by 16,000 individuals

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Public Good

Forests managed for education, aesthetics, recreation, etc

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