Forensic Science Death Investigation Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a key post-mortem change used to estimate time of death?

  • Post Mortem Interval (correct)
  • Livor Mortis
  • Algor Mortis
  • Rigor Mortis

What is the PRIMARY difference between a Medical Examiner's role and a Coroner's role?

  • A Medical Examiner handles all aspects of death investigations, while a Coroner only investigates suspicious deaths
  • A Coroner is a government agent, while a Medical Examiner is appointed by the state.
  • A Medical Examiner is a licensed physician with forensic pathology training, while a Coroner may or may not have medical training. (correct)
  • A Medical Examiner investigates death scenes, while a Coroner does not.

Which of the following BEST describes the relationship between Cause of Death (COD) and Mechanism of Death?

  • COD is the specific event that caused death, while Mechanism of Death is the physiological process it triggered. (correct)
  • COD refers to the manner of death (e.g., homicide), while Mechanism of Death is the cause of death.
  • COD is the result of trauma, while Mechanism of Death refers to the breakdown of bodily functions.
  • COD is the underlying disease, while Mechanism of Death is the injury that ultimately led to death.

Which of the following statements regarding Livor Mortis is TRUE?

<p>It's most evident on areas of the body in contact with a surface. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of death investigations, what is meant by 'Post-Medical History'?

<p>The impact of diseases or medical conditions on the manner and cause of death. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During an autopsy process, what technique is used to preserve organs for further examination and analysis?

<p>Preserving the organs in a formaldehyde solution to cause protein hardening. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a TRUE statement about Mechanical Trauma?

<p>It can result in lacerations when excessive force is applied by a blunt object. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of death investigation, which of the following BEST describes the primary purpose of the Autopsy?

<p>To visually examine the body and confirm the cause of death. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following BEST defines 'Time, Manner, and Cause of Death', as essential components of death investigations?

<p>The time of death, the manner of death (e.g., homicide, suicide), and the medical condition that caused death. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios is MOST LIKELY to be classified as an 'Accidental' Manner of Death?

<p>A person dies from a heart attack while driving, causing a car accident. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of contact gunshot wounds?

<p>They leave large lacerations and blackened skin. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the condition known as adipocere?

<p>Waxy, gray fat resulting from bodies submerged in water. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In distinguishing between manual and ligature strangulation, which statement is accurate for ligature strangulation?

<p>It is associated with fractures in the thyroid cartilage. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of diatoms in bone marrow usually indicate?

<p>Submersion in fresh or salt water prior to death. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the judge in the Daubert Trilogy?

<p>To act as a gatekeeper for the admissibility of scientific evidence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of 3D forensic mapping?

<p>To create a detailed 3D representation of a crime scene. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pattern would be most appropriate for a crime scene with multiple defined zones?

<p>Zone Pattern (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What marks the beginning of chain of custody procedures?

<p>Documenting evidence with a form. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technology is NOT typically associated with 3D forensic mapping?

<p>Infrared Spectroscopy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the preliminary crime scene search focus on?

<p>Obvious items of evidence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which investigative presence typically responds first to a questionable death scene?

<p>Medicolegal death investigator (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the evidence management flowchart?

<p>To depict the steps taken in handling evidence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pattern is generally considered least effective in outdoor environments?

<p>Wheel/Ray Pattern (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT important when documenting evidence?

<p>Gender of the investigator. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a chain of custody document in evidence collection?

<p>To track the possession and handling of evidence from collection to analysis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT a critical step in the chain of custody process?

<p>Analyzing the evidence at multiple labs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the sub datum point in mapping a crime scene?

<p>To establish the north corner of the collection site. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In forensic analysis, what should control samples be used for?

<p>To eliminate some options by comparing with known samples. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does evidence analysis typically aim to establish?

<p>Connections between suspects and the crime, or validating testimonies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding direct and circumstantial evidence?

<p>Direct evidence provides stronger implications about a suspect's guilt. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT typically considered in staging a crime scene?

<p>Ensuring all physical evidence is fabricated. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What strategy is commonly employed in a murder staging to mislead investigators?

<p>Making the scene appear as if it was a suicide. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following lists the correct order of the process involved in evidence handling?

<p>Data Collection, Conjecture, Hypothesis formulation, Testing, Theory formulation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a piece of evidence found at a crime scene points away from a suspect, what classification does this evidence fall under?

<p>Exculpatory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle explains the presence of fibers from a suspect's shirt on the victim's clothing, serving as critical evidence in recreating the crime?

<p>Locard's Exchange Principle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of evidence is based on a witness's testimony, potentially including personal interpretations?

<p>Testimonial (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the Frye Standard and the Daubert Standard?

<p>The Frye Standard emphasizes general acceptance within the scientific community, while the Daubert Standard prioritizes the reliability and validity of scientific methods. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of evidence interpretation, what is the most common type of reasoning used by investigators?

<p>Abductive (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the admissibility of evidence in court?

<p>The admissibility of evidence is often guided by established legal precedents and adherence to established scientific standards. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinction do the terms 'inculpatory' and 'exculpatory' emphasize when applied to evidence?

<p>Inculpatory evidence points towards a suspect's guilt, while exculpatory evidence suggests their innocence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of evidence does Locard's Exchange Principle primarily focus on?

<p>Transfer evidence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key characteristic of 'Exclusive' evidence?

<p>It directly implicates a suspect. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reasoning is most commonly used in crime scene interpretation, according to the text?

<p>Abductive (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When evaluating evidence admissibility, what is the main concern of the court regarding the methods used?

<p>The methods' scientific acceptance and reliability. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a distinguishing feature of the Daubert Standard?

<p>It prioritizes the Frye Standard's strict guidelines. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between direct and circumstantial evidence?

<p>Direct evidence directly proves a fact, while circumstantial evidence requires inference. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason that most evidence collected at a crime scene is considered 'circumstantial'?

<p>It doesn't directly prove a crime was committed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered to be a part of the Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) process?

<p>Analyzing evidence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A gunshot wound with stippling/tattooing around the injury suggests:

<p>The firearm was fired at a close distance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A lead detective examines a bloody shirt from a crime scene and concludes that the victim was likely stabbed, given the pattern of the bloodstains. This is an example of which type of evidence?

<p>Circumstantial (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A crime scene is staged to make it look like a burglary. However, investigation reveals that the victim's expensive jewelry is still present and undisturbed, which casts doubt on the staged event. What aspect of the staged crime scene makes this inconsistency clear?

<p>Contradictory evidence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of evidence collection and testing, what is the primary role of the Organization of Scientific Area Committees (OSAC)?

<p>To standardize and improve protocols for evidence collection and testing across different forensic disciplines. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A crime scene investigator meticulously documents the position of a bullet casing found near the victim. This documentation, along with other measurements and evidence, is used to reconstruct the events of the shooting. Which of the following best describes the primary purpose of this documentation?

<p>Reconstructing the crime sequence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic or example of Trace Evidence according to Locard's Principle of Exchange?

<p>A witness's statement describing the suspect's physical characteristics. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A suspect claims self-defense while being investigated for murder. However, the blood splatter patterns on his clothing indicate a different position at the time of the incident. This inconsistency in evidence can be classified as:

<p>Inculpatory evidence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of 'Virtual Autopsies' in forensic investigations?

<p>They allow for a more thorough examination of the deceased without requiring a physical dissection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A crime scene investigator meticulously collects a sample of the victim's hair and a sample of the hair found on the victim's clothing. These samples are later compared in the lab to determine if they share similar characteristics. What is the primary purpose of collecting these control samples?

<p>To eliminate the victim from the list of suspects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key responsibility of the District Attorney at a crime scene?

<p>Determining the cause of death. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A forensic scientist analyzes a blood sample found at the crime scene and determines that it belongs to the victim. This finding is classified as:

<p>Direct evidence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The crime scene investigators at a murder scene observe a broken window and a trail of blood leading away from the crime scene. This trail of blood is an example of:

<p>Circumstantial evidence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most significant factor determining the extent of material transfer according to Locard's Principle?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A forensic botanist would be most likely involved in which of the following scenarios?

<p>Identifying the specific type of plant matter found at a crime scene and its significance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A forensic technician carefully collects a blood sample from a crime scene and places it in a sealed container. The technician then documents the collection procedure thoroughly, including the date, time, and location. This process is part of establishing what?

<p>The chain of custody for the evidence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An investigator is analyzing the evidence found at a crime scene and notices that a set of footprints found near the victim's body doesn't match any of the known suspects. This evidence is considered:

<p>Exculpatory evidence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a burglary scene, an investigator identifies a set of fingerprints on the windowpane, which is subsequently determined to belong to a known burglar. This is an example of:

<p>Direct evidence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a body exhibits rigor mortis only in the face, jaw, and neck, approximately how long has the body been dead?

<p>Approximately 12 hours (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key factor that determines the time of death when utilizing the potassium buildup in the eye?

<p>The temperature of the surrounding environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions would DECREASE the rate of decomposition?

<p>Bodies wrapped in plastic sheeting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, if a body is found without visible rigor mortis, it could be because of:

<p>The body has been dead for less than 2 hours and more than 48 hours. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, what is the primary factor that accelerates decomposition?

<p>The presence of insects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A suspect's blood type, found at a crime scene, is AB+. This evidence is best classified as:

<p>Biological Evidence (B), Class Evidence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a suspect's fingerprints are found on a murder weapon, this evidence is best characterized as:

<p>Individual Evidence (A), Physical Evidence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the Seven S of Crime Scene Investigation involves ensuring that witnesses do not contaminate each other's accounts?

<p>Separating the Witnesses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During a crime scene investigation, what is the purpose of a triangulation technique?

<p>Recording the precise location of evidence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The presence of pollen found on a victim's clothing can be considered what type of evidence?

<p>Trace Evidence (A), Physical Evidence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies a secondary crime scene?

<p>A nearby alley where a weapon was discarded. (A), A suspect's car where the victim was found. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of documenting evidence found at a crime scene includes all of the following EXCEPT:

<p>Analyzing the evidence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of evidence is most likely to narrow down the suspect pool to a very small number of individuals?

<p>Individual Evidence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of securing the crime scene?

<p>Protecting evidence from contamination (A), Ensuring the safety of first responders (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most important factor in ensuring the admissibility of evidence in court?

<p>The Chain of Custody documentation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Forensic Mapping

The process of creating a map of a crime scene using digital imaging technology and GPS.

3D Forensic Mapping

Combining 3D scanning and mapping technology, often using LiDAR and GPS for detailed crime scene imagery.

LiDAR

Light Detection and Ranging, a technology used in 3D forensic mapping to capture spatial data with laser pulses.

Crime Scene Search

A systematic examination of a crime scene to find and document evidence.

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Zone Pattern Search

A crime scene search method divided into defined zones, typically used in structured scenes.

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Chain of Custody

The process of maintaining and documenting evidence from its collection to presentation in court.

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Spiral Pattern Search

A search method used in scenes without barriers, typically moving in a circular motion from a central point.

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Equivocal Death

A death with unclear circumstances or causes, necessitating further investigation.

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Medico-legal Death Investigator

An investigative professional responding to death scenes to determine cause and circumstances of death.

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Locard's Exchange Principle

Every contact leaves a trace, impacting evidence creation.

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Types of Evidence

Different categories include inclusive, indeterminate, and exclusive evidence.

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Testimonial Evidence

Evidence recorded from a witness, typically an eyewitness account.

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Admissibility of Evidence

Whether evidence can be used in court hinges on its scientific reliability.

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Frye Standard

Requires scientific methods to be generally accepted in the relevant field.

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Direct vs Circumstantial Evidence

Direct evidence requires no inference; circumstantial requires additional reasoning.

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Methods of Interpretation

Includes deductive, inductive, and abductive reasoning for analyzing evidence.

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Contact/Near-Contact Wounds

Wounds resulting from a close range gunfight, suicide, or execution.

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Stippling

Pattern of tiny abrasions and burns around gunshot wounds from discharged debris.

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Asphyxia

Interruption of oxygen supply to the brain.

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Cadaveric Spasms

Forceful muscle contractions that occur at the moment of death.

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Datum Point

A permanent, fixed point of reference in a crime scene.

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Sub Datum Point

The north corner of the collection site established from the datum point.

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Evidence Analysis

The process of examining evidence to link suspects, victims, or witness accounts.

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Forensic Lab Technician

Specialized professionals who process specific types of evidence.

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Crime Scene Reconstruction

Forming a hypothesis about the sequence of events in a crime from evidence.

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Staged Crime Scene

A crime scene deliberately altered to mislead or cover up another crime.

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Arson Staging

Setting a fire to conceal a different crime.

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Victim Evidence Validity

The credibility of evidence based on the investigator's experience and evidence type.

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Conjecture in Process

A stage where educated guesses are formed based on data collected.

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MDI

Focuses on both body and scene; checks post-mortem changes.

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Death Scene Investigation Flowchart

A sequence from death scene response to autopsy and toxicology.

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Coroner

A government agent responsible for death investigations, may require medical training.

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Medical Examiner System

System where licensed physicians conduct death investigations replacing coroners.

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Cause of Death (COD)

The underlying reason that initiates the chain of events leading to death.

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Mechanism of Death

Physiological or biochemical abnormalities produced by the cause of death.

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Postmortem Interval

Time elapsed from death until examination.

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Rigor Mortis

Muscle stiffness occurring approximately 4 hours after death.

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Livor Mortis

Discoloration of the body due to lack of blood circulation after death.

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Algor Mortis

Cooling of the body after death; drops about 1.5℃ per hour initially.

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Inclusive Evidence

Evidence that answers the question posed in an investigation.

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Indeterminate Evidence

Evidence that does not help answer a question in an investigation.

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Exclusive Evidence

Evidence that excludes a possibility by eliminating possible answers.

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Daubert Standard

A flexible guideline for admissibility of scientific evidence, allowing broader interpretation.

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Inculpatory Evidence

Evidence that includes someone as a source of a crime, suggesting guilt.

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Deductive Reasoning

A method of reasoning where conclusions are drawn from established facts, similar to mathematics.

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Rigor Mortis Duration

Rigor mortis can last up to 48 hours post-death.

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Postmortem Eye Changes

Eyes can show a cloudy film within hours after death due to drying.

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Decomposition Stages

Decomposition progresses through identifiable stages after death.

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Bloating Timeframe

Bloating and skin discoloration occur within days after death.

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Temperature Effects on Decomposition

Decomposing bodies fare faster in warm, humid conditions.

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Lead Snowstorm

White fragments of lead surrounding missing tissue from firearm injuries.

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Asphyxia Causes

Interrupted oxygen supply to the brain from drowning, strangulation, or ligature.

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Virtual Autopsy

Noninvasive imaging methods like X-rays and MRIs to assess injuries.

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Crime Scene Investigation Goals

Recognize, document, photograph, and collect evidence at a crime scene.

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Trace Evidence

Materials transferred during contact between people or objects, e.g., hair or fingerprints.

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Direct Evidence

Firsthand observations like eyewitness accounts or police recordings.

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Circumstantial Evidence

Indirect evidence that implies a fact but does not conclusively prove it.

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Locard's Principle of Exchange

Every contact leaves a trace, impacting evidence collection.

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Class Evidence

Evidence that identifies a group of people, not a single individual.

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Individual Evidence

Evidence that can be linked to a single person or object.

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Securing the Scene

The process of ensuring safety and preserving evidence at a crime scene.

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Separating the Witnesses

Ensuring witnesses do not communicate to avoid collusion.

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Scanning the Scene

Assessing the crime scene to decide photo and evidence collection areas.

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Sketching the Scene

Creating a detailed sketch of the crime scene with measurements from fixed points.

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Searching for Evidence

Using systematic patterns to locate and document evidence at a crime scene.

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Securing the Evidence

Properly packaging evidence to prevent contamination and degradation.

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Triangulation

A method to record the location of evidence using fixed reference points.

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Evidence Log

A document tracking evidence from collection to court presentation.

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Control Samples

Samples like hair or blood from a victim used for elimination.

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Chain of Custody Procedures

Steps ensuring evidence integrity from collection through analysis.

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Forensic Evidence Analysis

Examining evidence to link suspects and verify testimonies.

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Data Collection Process

The systematic gathering of information for analysis.

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Evidence Validity

The acceptability of evidence based on reliability and context.

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Study Notes

Chapter 2: Evidence

  • Edmond Locard (1877-1966) is known for Locard's Exchange Principle
  • "every contact leaves a trace"
  • Explains how evidence is created and used to recreate events
  • Contact or interaction between people gives evidence
  • Established his forensic lab in 1910
  • Founded and directed institution of criminalistics at the University of Lyon

Evidence Types

  • Inclusive evidence: Answers the question
  • Indeterminate evidence: Doesn't help answer the question
  • Exclusive evidence: Excludes a possibility; eliminates a possible answer to the question

Forms of Evidence

  • Testimonial: Evidence recorded from a witness (eye witness)
  • Physical: Raw material examined by forensic scientists

Chapter 3: Crime Scene Investigation

  • Crime scenes are unique due to the events that occur
  • The moment a crime scene is created, decay begins
  • The biggest challenge in processing a crime scene is ensuring the evidence collected reflects what happened
  • Forensic scientists analyze evidence and generate reports
  • The objective of crime scene investigation is to recognize, preserve, and collect physical evidence
  • Primary crime scene is where the initial act occurred
  • Macroscopic: large-scale crime scene
  • Secondary: scenes created by acts following the original crime
  • Micro: smaller parts of a scene (e.g., a specific room)

Methods of Interpretation

  • Deductive: Inference; similar to mathematical reasoning
  • Inductive: Using existing data to make predictions and generalizations
  • Abductive: Choosing the simplest and most likely solution from known data

Admissibility of Evidence

  • Whether or not evidence can be used in court depends on how the courts apply the rules of evidence
  • Courts consider precedent
  • Methods must be scientifically acceptable and reliable
  • Frye Standard: (Frye v. U.S.) Scientific methods must be generally acceptable to the scientific discipline for admissibility
  • Federal Rules of Evidence & Daubert Standard: More flexible guidelines
  • Categories of Evidence:
    • Inculpatory or exculpatory: Includes or excludes a person as a source
    • Direct or circumstantial: Direct evidence establishes information without further inference; circumstantial evidence provides a basis for inferences.

Crime Scene Investigation (Continued)

  • Initial Crime Scene Investigation: First responders ensure safety and complete initial work, CSI perform preliminary surveys (images & videos), and special considerations (i.e., rain)
  • Documentation Type:
    • Triangulation
    • Polar coordinates
  • Sketching the Scene: Crucial to accurately document measurements and perspective
  • Forensic mapping, laser scanning
  • Search Patterns
    • No pattern, following evidence
    • Line/strip
    • Spiral
    • Grid
    • Zone
    • Wheel/ray
  • Documentation: Includes chain of custody procedures, forms with collecting information (time, date, collector), a description of objects, and signatures

Evidence Packing

  • Different types of evidence require specific container types for packing
  • General guidelines involve first containers and then secondary containers, sealed with tamper-resistant tape, and labeling
  • Investigation of death
    • Questionable death (equivocal death): death where cause is not clear
    • Death investigation systems vary across the U.S.
    • Medico-legal death investigator is the first investigative person to respond to an unverified death
    • Death Scene Investigation
    • Focus on the body and the scene
    • Systems of death investigations
      • Coroner
      • Medical Examiner System

Mechanism of Death

  • Biochemical or physiological abnormality produced by
  • Types of death
    • Natural (disease with no trauma)
    • Accidental
    • Homicidal
    • Suicidal
  • Time of death
  • Post-mortem changes

Autopsy Processes

  • Removal of internal organs
  • Brain incision
  • Organ preservation
  • Traumatic death
  • Mechanical trauma
  • Firearm injuries

Crime Scene Investigation and Evidence

  • Goal of Crime Scene Investigation is to collect evidence
  • Trained to recognize, document, and secure the crime scene
  • Evidence considerations: Sufficient, scientific (quantitative data), reliable (consistent when retested), and valid (properly collected and analysed)
  • SWG: Standardized protocols for improving evidence collection and testing

Types of Evidence

  • Direct evidence: First-hand observations (e.g., eyewitness testimony, dashboard cameras)
  • Circumstantial evidence: Indirect evidence implying a fact, but not proving it ("e.g., finding a gun at a crime scene")
  • Trace evidence: Physical or biological evidence in small amounts (e.g., fingerprints, hair)

Securing the Scene

  • Safety of all individuals
  • Preservation of evidence
  • Protection of the area where the crime occurred is crucial
  • First responder keeps a security log
  • Additional requirements like experts

Mapping the Outdoor Crime Scene

  • Datum point
  • Permanent, fixed point of reference
  • Collection site referenced from fixed datum point
  • Analyzing the evidence: linking a suspect, establishing identity, confirming verbal witness testimony.

Crime Scene Reconstruction

  • Involves forming a hypothesis of the sequence of events
  • Investigator looks at evidence for reconstruction analysis
  • Guidelines from Department of Justice
  • Staged crime scenes (e.g., Arson, murder, or burglary).

Quizlet and additional information

  • Macroscopic Crime Scene: The broader crime scene setting
  • Microscopic Crime Scene: The smaller crime scenes in the broader scene
  • Corpus Delicti: A crime must be proved to occur before conviction
  • Modus Operandi: Habits of working - mode of operation
  • Walk-Through: Preliminary scene inspection
  • Sketch Types: Rough and finished sketches

Forensic Analysis of Death

  • Autopsy: Medical examination to determine cause, manner, and mechanism of death
  • Collection of evidence
  • Fingerprints and DNA analysis

Additional topics (pages 33-38):

  • Time of Death Estimation Methods (stomach contents, biological factors, etc.)
  • Cause and Mechanism of Death (e.g., physical injuries, overdose, etc.)
  • Specific indicators for different types of death

Case Studies (pages 33-38):

  • Specific examples of cases for better understanding
  • Providing more context for analysis.

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