Questions and Answers
What is forensic psychology?
The understanding and production of psychological knowledge that is applicable to issues of importance to the criminal and civil justice systems.
What primarily influences personality according to the biological perspective?
According to the psychoanalytic perspective, criminal behavior is caused by fixations from childhood.
True
Which model integrates psychology and the criminal justice system?
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What is the focus of action research in the context of forensic psychology?
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According to the cognitive perspective, personality is the result of our behaviours and __________.
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Which of the following statements about nomothetic and ideographic approaches is true?
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What is the difference between basic and applied research?
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What factor is relevant to the adjudicative facts in the law-driven model?
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Study Notes
Forensic Psychology
- Defined as the integration of psychological knowledge addressing criminal and civil justice issues.
Psychological Perspectives on Personality
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Biological Perspective (pre-1890):
- Personality influenced by biological factors.
- Criminal behavior linked to biological elements.
- Changes in criminal personality require biological or medical interventions.
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Psychoanalytic Perspective (Freud 1890-1930):
- Personality shaped by unconscious influences and childhood experiences.
- Criminal behavior stems from fixations that coincide with certain personality types.
- Treatment requires intensive individual therapy for personality alteration.
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Behavioral Perspective (Watson & Skinner 1930-80):
- Personality formed through behavior reinforcement (positive/negative).
- Criminal actions emerge from strong associations reinforced by outcomes.
- Alterations possible through the Operant Conditioning Model.
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Humanistic Perspective (Rogers & Maslow 1950-80):
- Emphasizes self-actualization in shaping behavior.
- Criminal behavior results from unfulfilled lower-level needs or psychological blocks.
- Focus on identifying effective pathways to address needs and blocks for personal growth.
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Cognitive Perspective (Kelly 1980-now):
- Personality determined by behaviors and mental processes.
- Criminal behavior linked to abnormal cognition or behavior patterns.
- Changed through cognitive-behavioral training and learning techniques.
Psychology & Law
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Human Psychology:
- Involves studying human thoughts and behaviors to discover predictive principles for enhancing well-being.
- Favors innovative, empirical, and proactive approaches.
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Law:
- Enforces defined rules in response to behavior but is inherently reactive.
- Characterized by traditional authority and prescriptive norms.
Nomothetic vs Ideographic Approaches
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Nomothetic:
- Studies groups or classes; individuals represent broader behaviors.
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Ideographic:
- Focuses on the unique attributes and behaviors of individual cases.
Continuum of Research in Forensic Psychology
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Basic Research:
- Aims for fundamental knowledge without practical application (e.g., neurological studies).
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Applied Research:
- Addresses specific practical problems (e.g., jury decision-making).
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Social Issue Research:
- Engages with defined social issues (e.g., marijuana use).
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Action Research:
- Combines research with community action to solve problems (e.g., crime reduction).
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Integrative Research:
- Focused on specific organizational concerns (e.g., missing persons).
Theoretical Models and Psychological Foundations
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Integration: Haney’s Model:
- Psychology uses:
- IN criminal justice for expert testimony in insanity cases.
- AND criminal justice for best practices in line-up procedures.
- In terms of social justice.
- Psychology uses:
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Integration: Monahan & Walker Model:
- Distinguishes between:
- Adjudicative facts, which relate directly to cases.
- Legislative facts, which inform future cases.
- All considered within psychology’s role as both authority and social framework.
- Distinguishes between:
Experiments
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Quasi-Experimental Research:
- Designed for empirical rigor in real-world settings.
- Examines defined interventions, allowing correlation claims but challenging causal inference.
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Non-Causal Inference Designs:
- Example: One-Group Post-Test Only Design.
- May lack comprehensive causal analysis due to insufficient experimental controls.
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Description
Explore the integration of psychological principles with legal contexts through this quiz on Forensic Psychology. Delve into various psychological perspectives on personality and their implications for understanding criminal behavior. Gain insights into how biological, psychoanalytic, and behavioral theories inform the field.
