Forensic Medicine and Medical Ethics
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Questions and Answers

What is Forensic Medicine?

Application of medical knowledge in law enforcement.

What is the role of Law in medicine?

Medical Jurisprudence

What is the self-imposed code of conduct in medicine?

Medical ethics

What are the conventional laws of courtesy in medicine?

<p>Medical Etiquettes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who gives the code of medical ethics?

<p>National Medical Commission and State Medical Council</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is covered in warning notices by NMC?

<p>Advertisement</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the punishment for violation of medical ethics?

<p>Warning, Fine, Penal Erasure</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an inquest?

<p>An inquiry in a cause of death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who conducts an inquest?

<p>Police</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the post mortem Imbibition?

<p>Preserve soil in contact with the body to detect poisons like arsenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which court can pass the death sentence?

<p>Sessions/ Additional court</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions in court procedure.

<p>Plaintiff = Person who files the case in court Victim/ Complainant = Person who files the case in court Prosecutor = Lawyer who fights case on behalf of plaintiff Defendant = Person who is accused of a crime Accused = Person who is accused of a crime Defense Lawyer = Lawyer who fights case on behalf of defendant Direct/ Exam in chief = Examination is done by prosecutor Redirect/ Re-exam = Examination is done by defense lawyer Cross (Examination) = Leading questions are allowed Perjury Examination = Giving false evidence under oath is known as Summon = Document that is issued by the judge to call a witness Sub-poena = Document that is issued by the judge to call a witness Oral evidence = More important than documentary evidence Hostile = Witness who changes his statement in court</p> Signup and view all the answers

Oath is administered in dying declaration.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Doctor can certify a dying declaration.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anyone can record a dying declaration.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the person survives, dying declaration has corroborative value?

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Injury (harm to body, mind, reputation property) comes under which section of BNS?

<p>2(14)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Mc Naughton's rule?

<p>Nothing is an offence done by a person under unsoundness of mind, if he is not able to understand nature &amp; consequences of his act and what he is doing is wrong in law.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements are true about other laws of insanity?

<p>Cumens rule</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these are punishments for negligence causing death?

<p>2 years imprisonment and Fine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these are punishments for dowry death?

<p>7 years imprisonment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these comes under the clause for grievous hurt?

<p>Any hurt that Endangers life or Causes severe bodily pain for 15 days or The person is unable to follow ordinary pursuits</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these are punishments for rape?

<p>Life imprisonment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these tests are used for medical examination of rape?

<p>Both</p> Signup and view all the answers

A victim aged above 12 years can consent for examination.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these are examples of unnatural sexual offences?

<p>Sodomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are sexual perversions?

<p>Sexual gratification without intercourse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions in sexual perversions.

<p>Pain to partner = Sadism / Algolagnia Pain to self = Masochism Object of desire = Fetishism Excessive sexual desire in males = Satyriasis Excessive sexual desire in females = Nymphomania Display of private parts in public = Exhibitionism Rubbing against private parts of people in public = Voyeurism Wearing clothes of opposite gender = Transvestism Watching others perform sexual intercourse = frottewism Child/ minor = below 18 years of age</p> Signup and view all the answers

Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act 1971/2021 allows abortion upto how many weeks?

<p>Both</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the legal grounds for terminating pregnancy?

<p>Eugenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Corpus Delicti?

<p>Body of offence, essence of crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these elements can be used to identify species?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

Medullary index in hair is < 0.3 in Humans and > 0.5 in Animals.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cephalic index?

<p>A measure of the breadth of skull(Maximum breadth of skull/ Maximum length of skull) x 100, used to determine race from skull</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone is best used for determination of the gender?

<p>Pelvis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Ashley's Rule?

<p>Deals with differentiation of sex using sternum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Secondary sexual characteristics are used to determine age based on Tanner's sexual maturity rating.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these are methods of fingerprinting?

<p>Superimposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following methods of fingerprinting with their descriptions.

<p>Poroscopy = Study of pores on epidermal ridges Cheiloscopy = Study of lip prints Rugaescopy = Study of palate prints Superimposition = A technique in identifying a person by superimposing the X-ray of skull found after death on the photo of his face</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nodes are examined to diagnose presence of old tattoo during PM?

<p>Lymph Nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of death in all aspects?

<p>Thanatology</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is not a blood stain analysis test?

<p>Spectroscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is seen in cherry red postmortem hypostasis?

<p>Carbon monoxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is used to analyze the beheaded skill bone and photograph of a missing person?

<p>Superimposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who conducts the inquest in case of death in police custody?

<p>Judicial Magistrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these has the highest affinity for hemoglobin?

<p>Carbon monoxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a sign of acute cocaine poisoning during the excitement stage?

<p>Cocaine bugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is the cause of death in homicidal smothering and traumatic asphyxia?

<p>Bansdola</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stain is used in autopsy to see the infarct in myocardium?

<p>Triphenyl Tetrazolium chloride (TTC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is the treatment for iron tablets poisoning?

<p>Deferoxamine mesylate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is true regarding rigor mortis?

<p>Rigor mortis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lucid interval is associated with SDH.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a withdrawal feature seen in chronic alcoholic?

<p>Seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these should be suspected in 40-year-old patient presents with lacrimation, diarrhea, congested eyes, tachycardia & hypertension?

<p>Cocaine withdrawal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is the finding seen in the image?

<p>Ligature mark</p> Signup and view all the answers

During examination in injury, hair bulbs are noted to be damaged & crushed. Which of these wounds is suspected?

<p>Stab injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these should be done next for a patient who has been bitten by Cobra and already received 10 vials of AV but ICU is not available?

<p>Atropine with neostigmine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is suspected in a patient with history of substance abuse who has R 8/min, pulse 52/min, BP 90/60 mmHg, Pinpoint pupil?

<p>Morphine</p> Signup and view all the answers

For what duration of pregnancy is opinion of 2 doctors needed for medical termination of pregnancy?

<p>More than 28 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is the treatment for lead poisoning?

<p>EDTA + DMSA</p> Signup and view all the answers

Leading questions are permitted in which of these exams?

<p>Cross examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is known as getting sexual gratification by giving pain to partner?

<p>Sadism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is the feature of artificial bruise?

<p>Extravasation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Forensic Medicine & Toxicology

  • Forensic medicine applies medical knowledge to legal issues, particularly in law enforcement.
  • Medical jurisprudence involves the role of law in medicine.
  • Medical ethics are self-imposed codes of conduct.
  • Medical etiquette are conventional rules of courtesy.
  • Codes of medical ethics are established by the National Medical Commission and are used to guide actions.
  • Warning notices are issued by the NMC for violations of medical ethics.
  • Acts covered in warning notices may involve infidelity, association with unqualified individuals, advertisement violations, alcohol issues, addiction, unlawful abortions (x-mtp act), issuing false certificates or fee splitting.
  • Maintaining professional secrecy is an important aspect.
  • Violations of medical ethics are serious professional misconduct or ethical negligence, leading to consequences in a legal context, such as warnings, fines or professional sanctions.
  • Penal Erasure is a measure taken to resolve or mitigate the consequences due to offenses in the medical field.
  • Punishment may take the form of warnings, fines, and in severe cases, professional sanctions.
  • Inquest is an inquiry into a cause of death, often conducted by a magistrate, which, may involve death in custody (police inquest, 194).
  • Magistrate inquest involves death in custody (judicial magistrate).
  • A Judicial Magistrate may also conduct an inquiry in cases of rape in custody and dowry death.
  • An Executive magistrate examines cases of dowry death.
  • Exhumation is the digging up of a body from a grave which is done only by magistrate.
  • Post-mortem examination procedures are carried out in the process of exhumation
  • An inquiry into the cause of death is conducted by a magistrate
  • The lowest court authorised to pass a death sentence is the sessions court.

Dying Declaration

  • Oath administered during a dying declaration, which is assessed as true or false.
  • Doctor's certification is required to check mental stability of the individual.
  • Record of dying declaration is the responsibility of anyone and can be documented.
  • A dying declaration is considered a true statement.
  • If the person survives the declaration, it has no legal effect

Offences and Laws

  • Offences include causing harm to a person's body, reputation, or property.
  • The legal standards are outlined in laws like the McNaughton's rule.
  • The mental state of the person committing the crime can affect judgments in a court of law in determining any criminal responsibility.
  • Laws of insanity include the Durhams rule, Cumens Rule, and the American Law Institute test.

Identification

  • Precipitin test aids in species identification.
  • The medullary index is measured in hair to distinguish between humans and animals.
  • The cephalic index is calculated to determine a person's race (human skulls).
  • Pelvic bone characteristics are critical factors in determining biological sex.
  • Dental records are used to determine age.
  • Secondary sexual characteristics and bone ossification patterns assist in age determination.
  • Tooth eruption timeline is used to determine age.

Dactylography

  • Prints are commonly used in fingerprint analysis by the Henry Galton system.
  • Fingerprint development occurs between 12-16 weeks in utero.
  • Criminal identification often relies on a minimum of 8 unique points from fingerprints.
  • Fingerprints are unique to an individual.

Thanatology

  • Thanatology is the study of death in all its aspects (manner and cause).
  • Immediate post-mortem changes involve the cessation of respiration and circulation.
  • Early post-mortem changes include pallor, loss of skin elasticity, changes in eye, Algor mortis, Livor mortis, Rigor mortis.
  • Late post-mortem changes include putrefaction, adipocere, and mummification.

Identification Methods

  • Methods used in identification procedures include bloodstain analysis, examination of skeletal remains, analyzing wounds, and using fingerprints to distinguish between different species or races.
  • The study of bones and tissues is conducted for identification of organisms or races.

Mechanical Injuries

  • Injuries from blunt weapons can result in abrasions, contusions, or lacerations.
  • Injuries from sharp weapons can create incised or stab wounds.
  • Various factors such as the depth, length, or width of the wound are considered to determine the cause of the injury.
  • The classification of wounds depends on the severity of injury and the presence or absence of bleeding.

Thermal Injuries

  • Thermal injuries are caused by high temperatures.
  • Flame burns involve the presence of soot in the trachea, carboxyhemoglobin may be present in the victims blood, with signs of healing.
  • Cause of death in these injuries may be neurogenic shock, carbon monoxide poisoning, hypovolemic shock, or septic shock.
  • Scalds/moist burns are typically caused by the contact of boiling water or steam with the skin.
  • Electrocution and lightning strikes can also cause burns.

Asphyxia

  • Asphyxia results from the lack of oxygen supply to the body.
  • Hanging occurs due to the constriction of the neck.
  • Strangulation occurs when the neck is compressed.
  • Suffocation occurs when the nose and mouth are blocked.
  • Drowning is caused by immersion in water.

Autopsy

  • Autopsy is a method of examination of the body for diagnostics purposes.
  • The time of death is estimated based on the presence of specific changes.
  • Blood flow and other biological changes are examined by forensic pathologists.

Toxicology

  • Arsenic poisoning exhibits symptoms such as intense pain, vomiting, and purging.
  • Mercury poisoning, known as hydrargyrism, shows symptoms such as tremors, gingivostomatitis, acrodynia, and nephrotoxicity.
  • Lead poisoning (plumbism) causes anemia, basophilic stippling of RBCs, encephalopathy, etc.
  • Iron poisoning may lead to mild to severe forms of complications depending on the dose.
  • Phosphorous poisoning can cause whitening, and oral diseases such as phossy jaw.

Specific Poisons and Toxins

  • Poisons and toxins like phenol and carbolic acid, have various toxic effects on the body.

Other Topics

  • Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act, 2021: Legal rules in abortions.
  • Excessive sexual desire (terms).
  • Toxicity of cobra venom and other issues.
  • Medical tests, examination procedures and legal issues.

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This quiz explores the intersection of forensic medicine, toxicology, and medical ethics. Learn about the application of medical knowledge to legal issues, the role of medical ethics, and potential violations that can result in professional misconduct. Test your understanding of medical jurisprudence and ethical standards in healthcare.

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