Forensic Dentistry Quiz
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Questions and Answers

When were the first human remains successfully identified by means of forensic odontology?

  • 11th century
  • 1897 (correct)
  • 1775
  • 1st century A.D.

    • Forensic odontology has been used primarily in transport accidents.

    False

    What is the minimum degree requirement for forensic dentistry?

    Doctor of Dental Science (DDS) degree

    Who is considered by many to be the father of forensic odontology?

    <p>Dr. Oscar Amoedo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some roles of a forensic dentist? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Identify human remains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first comprehensive textbook on forensic odontology, written by Dr. Oscar Amoedo, was titled 'Dental Arts and ______ Medicine'.

    <p>Legal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ is the most complex and controversial area of forensic odontology.

    <p>Bite Mark Analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of mass disasters with their examples:

    <p>Natural mass disasters = Earthquakes Accidental mass disasters = Airplane crashes Intentional mass disasters = Bombings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Forensic odontologists may need to serve as expert witnesses in cases of malpractice.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following evidence management guidelines with their descriptions:

    <p>Preparation = All supplies and equipments required for collection of forensic dental evidence should be ready and easily delivered to a remote crime scene. Approach the Scene = Odontologist ensures safe entry into the scene or documents in case evidence comes via legal agencies to operate on from outside the original scene. Secure and Protect the Scene = Establish security protocols to secure evidence from public access by signing in, using restricted access cards, and completing chain of examination certificates. Prepare a Diagram or Sketch = Provides additional details such as size of evidence, distance between objects, and measurements of bite marks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Ameloglyphics' refer to?

    <p>the study of patterns of enamel rods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are advantages of tooth prints for identification purposes? Select all that apply.

    <p>Tooth prints show gender variations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The types of patterns found in lip prints can provide individualistic and heritable information.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Cheiloscopy?

    <p>the study &amp; examination of lip prints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nature of death examined in Phase 1 of Forensic Identification?

    <p>Nature of death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the Advantages of Dental Identification? Select the correct options.

    <p>Help in age estimation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Visual identification is the most reliable form of identification.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximately 65% of the human population has a fingerprint pattern of ____.

    <p>loops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the Types of DNA with their descriptions:

    <p>Nuclear/Genomic DNA = Found in the nucleus of each cell Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) = Found throughout cytoplasm of mitochondria in the cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Digital Image Repository (DIR) in the ADIS system?

    <p>The DIR allows the voluntary submission, storage, and retrieval of digital images relating to missing and unidentified person investigations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main methods used in ADIS for extracting high-level features from dental images?

    <p>Extracting the contour of roots and crowns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Palatal rugae patterns are unique for each individual and can aid in gender and race differentiation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some factors that can influence bite marks?

    <p>Factors such as type of tissue, age, sex, medical status, and time can influence bite marks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells/deposits are predominant in bite marks within 0-18 hours according to histopathological changes?

    <p>PMNL and Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    History of Forensic Odontology

    • The first human remains identified by forensic odontology were 126 Parisians killed in the Bazar de la Charité fire in 1897, with Duchesse d'Alencon being identified by Albert Haus using early dental records.
    • The use of teeth for identification dates back to Roman times, with Emperor Claudius examining the teeth of Lollia Paulina to ensure the right woman was put to death.
    • William the Conqueror, King of England in the 11th century, used his bite mark to guarantee the authenticity of official documents.
    • In 1775, Paul Revere used a set of dentures to identify the body of Dr. Joseph Warren, who was killed at the Battle of Bunker Hill.
    • In 1814, a dentist in Scotland helped identify a corpse in a grave-robbing case by using a denture as evidence.

    Early Cases of Forensic Odontology

    • In 1829, a man named Guerin was identified by the abrasions on his teeth caused by clay pipes.
    • In 1849, dental evidence was first presented in a US court, with Dr. Nathan Cooley Keep identifying a victim through a partial denture.
    • The first use of dental records in the identification of victims of a mass disaster was in the 1878 Vienna Opera House fire.

    Oscar Amoedo, Father of Forensic Odontology

    • Dr. Amoedo, a Cuban-born professor, wrote the first comprehensive textbook on forensic odontology in 1898.
    • His book, "Dental Arts and Legal Medicine", provided the first images and text relating to the identification of unknown bodies.

    Modern Forensic Odontology

    • Forensic odontology has been used to identify victims of many major incidents, including plane crashes, fires, and terrorist attacks.
    • In 2000, a team of forensic dentists used dental records to identify 22 victims of an Alaska Airlines crash in California.
    • In 2001, DNA extracts from toothbrushes and dental records were used to identify around half of the victims of the World Trade Center attacks.

    Forensic Dentistry

    • Forensic dentistry is the application of dental knowledge to criminal and civil laws.
    • The FDI defines forensic dentistry as "that branch of dentistry which, in the interest of justice, deals with the proper handling of dental evidence, and with the proper evaluation and presentation of dental findings."

    Importance of Forensic Odontology

    • Forensic odontology is important in identifying human remains, especially in mass disasters.
    • It is also used in estimating age, determining gender, race, and occupation, and assessing bite mark injuries.

    Challenges in Mass Disasters

    • Large numbers of human remains, fragmented and burned remains, and difficulty in determining who was involved in the disaster.
    • Acquiring meaningful medical and dental records, and legal, jurisdictional, and political issues.

    Types of Mass Disasters

    • Natural mass disasters, such as earthquakes and tsunamis.
    • Accidental mass disasters, such as air and train crashes, and building fires.
    • Intentional mass disasters, such as bombing of buildings.

    Forensic Identification

    • Antemortem (AM) identification is carried out prior to death, while postmortem (PM) identification is carried out after death.
    • Teeth are the most enduring part of the human body, and odontology is used in the analysis of bite marks left at the scene of a crime.

    Problems in Dental Identification

    • Illegible dental records, inadequate dental radiographs, lack of adequate charting, and lack of uniformity of charting and numbering systems.
    • Changes in dentition, and human error.

    Role of Forensic Odontologist (Dentists)

    • Education: minimum degree requirement is a doctor of dental science (DDS) degree.
    • Role: identify whole or fragmented bodies, estimate age, determine gender, race, and occupation, and assist in locating mass disasters.
    • Forensic dentists also provide opinion on issues relating to malpractice, explain how accidents cause dental injury, and manage and present evidence in court.

    Age Estimation

    • It is valuable in legal purposes, creating profiles of unidentified persons, and assisting law enforcement agencies in determining individual's treatment in the legal system.
    • Methods of age estimation include anthropological, developmental, histological, and biochemical techniques.

    Bite Mark Analysis

    • It is the most complex and controversial area of forensic odontology.
    • The bite site can be evaluated in the third dimension using impression material and dental stone or resins.

    Abuse Cases

    • Identification and reporting of abuse is a complex and emotional area.
    • Healthcare practitioners are required by law to report suspected cases of abuse.
    • Abuse can involve children, women, men, and the elderly.

    Signs of Abuse

    • Extra-oral injuries consistent in shape and appearance to a hand or object.
    • Intra-oral injuries, such as fractured incisors, burns on lips, bruises on lips, and frenum bruises or tears.

    Mass Disasters

    • The process of collection of dental information on victims is characterized by unique circumstances of the event.
    • There is a need for an experienced, organized, and trained team to collect data and achieve the desired goal of identifying all victims.

    Sex Differentiation

    • Sexing from craniofacial morphology and dimensions.
    • Sex differences in tooth size.
    • Sex determination by DNA analysis.

    Malpractice and Accidents

    • Dentists may play a role as expert witnesses in cases of malpractice.
    • A good expert must be well-qualified by means of education, training, and experience.

    Role of Forensic Odontologist (Dentists)

    • Evidence management: preparation, approach, securing and protecting the scene, initiating preliminary survey, evaluating odontological evidence possibilities, preparing a narrative description, and depicting the scene photographically.### Forensic Dental Evidence
    • Close-up photographs of evidence should be taken with and without a scale
    • Digital photographs should be taken to secure original media of the evidence

    Types of Photographs

    • Conventional photographs
    • Digital photographs
    • Close-up photographs
    • Orientation photographs

    Preparing a Diagram or Sketch

    • Provide additional details such as:
      • Size of evidence
      • Distance between objects
      • Measurements of bite marks
    • Emphasize target of interest
    • Eliminate unnecessary details

    Diagram Requirements

    • Victim's name or evidence item number
    • Specific location
    • Date
    • Time
    • Case identifier name
    • Assistants' names
    • Evidence dimensions and measurements
    • Scale used for measuring or key for specific measurement units
    • Compass orientation
    • Anatomical orientation
    • Forensic odontologist should recognize dental structures and differentiate them from environmental debris and non-human remains
    • All items collected by the odontologist should be entered on an evidence recovery log, witnessed by at least two individuals, and documented

    Recording and Collecting Odontological Evidence

    • Once forensic dental evidence is identified, it should be collected, packaged for further analysis, and marked with:
      • Case identifier
      • Item description
      • Date of collection
      • Location
      • Item number

    Packaging and Documentation

    • Biological evidence should not be placed in airtight plastic containers
    • Suitable packaging materials include paper bags, cardboard boxes, and tyvek bags
    • Accurate documentation is essential for all previous issues

    Conducting a Final Survey

    • Critical review of evidence identification, photography, sketching, collection, and packaging
    • Any instruments, tools, critical issues, or work products utilized at the scene should be gathered and addressed

    Releasing the Scene

    • Odontologist is released from the scene once analysis procedures are terminated and the final report is delivered to the legal agency
    • The evidence collected and analysis may be applied directly to an open case or be entered into a database for future identification

    Types of Evidence

    • Inclusive: evidence is included in the items from the crime scene
    • Exclusive: evidence is excluded from the items in the crime scene
    • Direct: known by personal knowledge
    • Circumstantial: knowledge by inference

    Forensic Medicine and Human Identification

    • Definition: identification is the establishment of a person's identity, individuality
    • Reasons for identification:
      • Investigation in criminal death can't begin until the victim has been positively identified
      • Marriage and burial requirements
      • Monetary and insurance benefits
      • Closure for family members

    Procedure of Victim Identification

    • Post-mortem sample collection
    • Ante-mortem sample collection
    • Comparison and matching
    • Conclusion

    Phases of Forensic Identification

    • Phase 1: Preliminary evaluation
    • Phase 2: Post-mortem examination
    • Phase 3: Data collection and ante-mortem investigation
    • Phase 4: Comparison and conclusion

    Methods for Identification

    • Positive:
      • Visual identification
      • Fingerprints
      • Dental records
      • DNA
    • Presumptive:
      • Circumstantial
      • External characteristics
      • Internal characteristics (autopsy)
      • Radiographs

    Positive Methods of Identification

    • Visual identification:
      • Least reliable form of identification
      • Forms of visual identification:
        • Family or friends can identify the victim visually
        • Comparison of the victim to a photograph
        • Public identification through a photo/sketch
    • Fingerprints identification:
      • Pattern made by friction skin ridges arrangement
      • Types of fingerprints:
        • Loops
        • Whorls
        • Arches
      • Approximately 65% of the human population has loop fingerprints
    • Dental records identification:
      • Advantages:
        • Teeth help in age estimation
        • Teeth resist decomposition
        • Teeth withstand drastic temperature changes
        • Teeth are a source of DNA
      • Steps of dental identification:
        • Post-mortem dental examination
        • Obtaining and collection of ante-mortem dental records
        • Comparison of post-mortem examination data with available ante-mortem records
    • DNA identification:
      • Advantages:
        • Precise method for identification
        • Very sensitive technique
      • Disadvantages:
        • Very time-consuming and expensive process
        • Complex technique with contamination problems
      • Types of DNA:
        • Nuclear/genomic DNA
        • Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

    Presumptive Methods of Identification

    • Circumstantial identification:
      • Circumstances of death and location of the victim can assist in identifying the person
    • External characteristics identification:
      • External characteristics such as body height, weight, eye color, skin pigmentation, and hair color may be helpful in person identification
    • Internal characteristics identification (autopsy):
      • Autopsy examination is most commonly required by law to be performed on unidentified bodies to establish identity
    • Radiographic identification:
      • Radiographs can be used to establish identity when ante-mortem radiographs are available for comparison with post-mortem radiographs
    • Anthropology identification:
      • Examination of human decomposed skeletal remains for legal process to identify unknown persons

    Automated Dental Identification System (ADIS)

    • ADIS is an automation tool for post-mortem identification that is designed to achieve accurate and timely identification results with minimum amount of human intervention
    • ADIS can be used by law enforcement agencies to locate missing persons using databases of dental x-rays
    • Advantages:
      • Automates some of the steps taken by forensic experts to examine missing and unidentified persons (MUP) cases
      • Intelligently analyzes radiographs to utilize underlying image structures that are often difficult to be assessed merely by visual examination
    • Disadvantages:
      • Doesn't provide a high level of automation
      • The dental codes used in these systems only capture artificial dental workHere are the study notes in bullet points:

    Forensic Science and Dental Identification

    • The Dental Information Repository (DIR) is a database that stores information about dental features of missing/unidentified persons.
    • The DIR archiving process involves extracting dental features from dental images and storing them in the repository.
    • The high-level features that may be extracted from each tooth include:
      • Shape and size (width, length) of each tooth
      • Root features (number, curvature, length) of each tooth
      • Existing/Extracted tooth
      • Teeth spacing (spacing between two adjacent teeth)

    Crime Investigation

    Bite Marks

    • Definition: A mark made by teeth, alone or in combination with other mouth parts.
    • Classifications:
      • Cameron and Sims Classification:
        • Agents (humans, animals, mechanical)
        • Materials (skin, food substances, other materials)
      • McDonald's Classification:
        • Tooth pressure marks
        • Tongue pressure marks
        • Tooth scrape marks
        • Complex marks
      • Webster's Classification:
        • Type I (Limited depth of tooth penetration)
        • Type II (Considerable depth of tooth penetration)
        • Type III (Complete or near complete penetration)
    • Factors influencing bite marks:
      • Type of tissue
      • Age
      • Sex
      • Medical status
      • Time
    • Types of bite mark injuries:
      • Hemorrhage
      • Indentations
      • Contusions
      • Lacerations
      • Incision
      • Avulsions
      • Artifact
    • Identification features of bite marks:
      • Gross features (circular/elliptical mark)
      • Classical features (pattern present in the bite mark)
      • Individual features (teeth with fractures or rotations)

    Palatal Rugae Print

    • Definition: The ridges present in the anterior part of the palate on either side of the midpalatal raphe.
    • Advantages:
      • Resistant to decomposition
      • Unique for every individual
      • Aids in gender and race differentiation
    • Thomas Classification of Rugae Pattern:
      • Diverge
      • Converge
      • Curve
      • Straight
      • Wavy
    • Limitations in edentulous person identification:
      • Poor demarcation of palatal rugae
      • Non-complex pattern of rugae
      • Changes in palatal height

    Salivary Swab

    • Double swab technique
    • Importance of taking swabs within 5 hours
    • Saliva functions:
      • Contains blood antigens
      • Shows up under ultraviolet light
      • Provides blood grouping analysis
      • Allows salivary DNA analysis

    Dental Impression

    • Definition: Impression of the bite site area.
    • Importance of taking impressions:
      • Victim's impression
      • Suspect's impression
      • Dental models of the suspect
    • Dental impression and dental casts

    Ameloglyphics

    • Definition: Study of patterns of enamel rods.
    • Advantages:
      • Enamel resists post-mortem degradation and decomposition
      • Unique to every individual
      • Gender variations
    • Methods of tooth prints duplication:
      • Cellulose acetate paper
      • Rubber base impression materials
      • Acetate peel technique
    • Sub-patterns of tooth prints:
      • A: Wavy-branched
      • B: Wavy-unbranched
      • C: Linear-branched
      • D: Linear-unbranched
      • E: Whorl-open
      • F: Whorl-closed
      • G: Loop
      • H: Stem-like

    Lip Print

    • Definition: Grooves and wrinkles visible on lips, named as sulci.
    • Cheiloscopy: Study and examination of lip prints.
    • Classifications:
      • Santos classification:
        • Simple wrinkles
        • Compound wrinkles
      • Tsuchihashi Classification:
        • Type I: Clear-cut grooves covering entire lip
        • Type II: Branched grooves
        • Type III: Intersected grooves
        • Type IV: Reticular grooves
        • Type V: Grooves that cannot be morphologically differentiated
    • Common patterns of lip print:
      • Short vertical lines
      • Long vertical lines
      • Rectangular lines (crisscross)
      • Diamond
      • Branching

    Age Estimation

    • Methods of age estimation:
      • Clinical methods
      • Radiographic features
      • Histologic features
    • Age estimation in prenatal, neonatal, and postnatal:
      • Deciduous teeth germ formation
      • Permanent teeth germ formation
      • Radiographic projection techniques
    • Age estimation in children and adolescents:
      • Schour and Massler's method
      • Demirjian's method
    • Age estimation in adults:
      • Gustafson's method
      • Kvaal's method
      • Harris MPJ and Nortje CJ method

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