Forensic Analysis Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative measurements?

Qualitative is data that is not numerical; quantitative is measurement of data that can be put into numbers.

Which bones proved most useful in determining sex, race, and height? (Select all that apply)

  • Humerus (correct)
  • Femur (correct)
  • Tibia (correct)
  • Skull (correct)
  • Pelvis (correct)

What is the function of a restriction enzyme?

They recognize specific sequences in DNA and cut the DNA to produce fragments, called restriction fragments.

In what organisms do restriction enzymes evolve and what was their purpose?

<p>They evolve from bacteria to protect the body/bacteria from virus DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a palindromic restriction site?

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What does the term 'sticky end' refer to in the context of restriction enzymes?

<p>The ends of the cut DNA fragments that have an overhanging piece of single-stranded DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of conducting gel electrophoresis?

<p>To find and compare DNA sequences to determine alterations or find matches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why must DNA be digested before gel electrophoresis?

<p>To break the DNA into fragments to produce bands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the agarose gel in gel electrophoresis?

<p>To provide a platform for the DNA to cross and organize.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the electric current in gel electrophoresis?

<p>To push the negatively charged DNA through the gel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would happen if a student group put their DNA in the electrophoresis box incorrectly?

<p>They would not move because opposites attract and DNA is negatively charged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it useful to use more than one restriction enzyme during DNA fingerprinting?

<p>To get more accurate results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Qualitative Data

Data described with words, not numbers. Like colors, textures, or smells.

Quantitative Data

Data that can be measured with numbers. Like height, weight, or temperature.

Restriction Enzyme

A special type of protein that cuts DNA at specific points.

Restriction Site

A piece of DNA that has a specific sequence of bases that a restriction enzyme recognizes and cuts.

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Palindromic Restriction Site

A sequence of DNA that reads the same backwards and forwards.

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Sticky Ends

The ends of a DNA fragment that have a single-stranded overhang.

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Gel Electrophoresis

A technique used to separate DNA fragments by size.

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Digesting DNA

To break down DNA into smaller fragments using restriction enzymes.

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Agarose Gel

A gel made from agarose, a type of sugar, used to separate DNA fragments by size.

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Electric Current

An electric current that pushes the negatively charged DNA through the gel.

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DNA Fingerprinting

Technique used to identify individuals by unique DNA patterns.

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Using Multiple Restriction Enzymes

Using multiple restriction enzymes to get more accurate results when analyzing DNA.

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Study Notes

Measurement Types

  • Qualitative measurements provide non-numerical data, while quantitative measurements produce numerical values.

Skeletal Indicators

  • Pelvis, skull, femur, tibia, and humerus are key bones for determining sex.
  • Skull is primarily used for race determination.
  • Femur, tibia, and humerus are utilized for estimating height.

Restriction Enzymes

  • Restriction enzymes identify specific DNA sequences and cut the DNA to produce fragments known as restriction fragments.

Evolution and Purpose

  • Restriction enzymes evolved in bacteria primarily for defense against viral DNA.

Palindromic Restriction Sites

  • A palindromic restriction site is a specific DNA sequence recognized by restriction enzymes that reads the same forwards and backwards.

Sticky Ends

  • "Sticky ends" refer to the overhanging single-stranded DNA left after a restriction enzyme cuts DNA, capable of base pairing with complementary strands.

Gel Electrophoresis

  • Gel electrophoresis is conducted to analyze and compare DNA sequences for alterations or matches.

DNA Digestion

  • DNA must be digested into fragments prior to gel electrophoresis to create distinct bands for analysis.

Agarose Gel Role

  • Agarose gel serves as a medium for DNA to migrate through, organizing the DNA fragments based on size.

Electric Current Function

  • The electric current pushes negatively charged DNA through the gel during electrophoresis.

Incorrect DNA Orientation

  • If DNA is placed with wells towards the positive end, it won't move because negatively charged DNA is attracted to the positive end.

Multiple Restriction Enzymes

  • Using multiple restriction enzymes in DNA fingerprinting improves accuracy by providing more data points for comparison.

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Description

Test your knowledge on forensic analysis with these flashcards focusing on key concepts like qualitative vs quantitative measurements and skeletal indicators for sex, race, and height. Perfect for students or professionals looking to refresh their understanding of forensic science.

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