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Fluid resistance can be split into lift and drag components.
Fluid resistance can be split into lift and drag components.
True
A free body diagram is used to analyze an object in motion.
A free body diagram is used to analyze an object in motion.
False
Internal forces, such as joint reaction forces, contribute significantly to joint torque.
Internal forces, such as joint reaction forces, contribute significantly to joint torque.
False
Inverse dynamics modeling technique uses kinematic data to estimate external forces.
Inverse dynamics modeling technique uses kinematic data to estimate external forces.
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Muscle force IAP is responsible for transmitting forces from the muscles to the supporting structures of the trunk.
Muscle force IAP is responsible for transmitting forces from the muscles to the supporting structures of the trunk.
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Fluid resistance is only significant in swimming and has no effect on cycling and sprinting.
Fluid resistance is only significant in swimming and has no effect on cycling and sprinting.
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In a Free Body Diagram, the stick figure represents the external forces involved in the analysis.
In a Free Body Diagram, the stick figure represents the external forces involved in the analysis.
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The weight of an object is calculated by multiplying its mass by its velocity.
The weight of an object is calculated by multiplying its mass by its velocity.
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The concept map is a qualitative approach to problem solving in mechanical analysis.
The concept map is a qualitative approach to problem solving in mechanical analysis.
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The ground reaction force is a type of internal force in a mechanical analysis.
The ground reaction force is a type of internal force in a mechanical analysis.
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The mechanical approach to problem solving involves a deterministic model.
The mechanical approach to problem solving involves a deterministic model.
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Fluid resistance in motion is a key factor in mechanical problem solving in sports.
Fluid resistance in motion is a key factor in mechanical problem solving in sports.
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Ligaments are stiff and have minimal resistance to compression and shear loads.
Ligaments are stiff and have minimal resistance to compression and shear loads.
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Tendons are best suited for shear loading.
Tendons are best suited for shear loading.
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Ligaments can stretch up to 1% before failure.
Ligaments can stretch up to 1% before failure.
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The yield point of ligaments is about 10% of strain.
The yield point of ligaments is about 10% of strain.
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Ligaments respond to loads by becoming weaker and less stiff over time.
Ligaments respond to loads by becoming weaker and less stiff over time.
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NSAIDs are a factor that does not influence the biomechanical function of tendons and ligaments.
NSAIDs are a factor that does not influence the biomechanical function of tendons and ligaments.
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Study Notes
Forces in Biomechanics
- Normal force is perpendicular to the surface and is usually measured by a force platform.
- Fluid resistance affects both human and projectile motion, and can be split into lift and drag components.
- It is an important factor to consider in sports such as swimming, cycling, and sprinting.
Internal Forces
- Joint reaction force is the net force generated by bone on bone contact between adjacent segments when loaded.
- It is calculated as it is difficult to measure, and often acts solely on a joint center, contributing little to joint torque.
- Muscle force, specifically intra-abdominal pressure (IAP), transmits forces from the muscles encasing the IA cavity to the supporting structures of the trunk.
- IAP is generated by muscles such as the transverse abdominis, rectus abdominis, obliques, diaphragm, and pelvic floor muscles.
Inverse Dynamics Modelling
- It is a modelling technique that uses external forces to estimate internal ones.
- It involves kinematic data, kinematic model, dynamic model, kinetic data, anthropometric data, and anthropometric model.
Advanced Techniques
- Skin pin markers are a more invasive technique that uses high-tensile strength markers surgically placed into the underlying bone.
Tendon to Bone Attachment
- The collagen fibres in the tendon intermesh with the fibrocartilage, which gradually becomes mineralized fibrocartilage and merges into cortical bone.
Lower Limb Strain Injury
- It is a common injury in many sports, particularly in running and sprinting based sports.
- It is thought to be caused by acceleration and rapid braking.
Mechanical Problem Solving Methods
- The sequential approach involves breaking down the movement into phases.
- The mechanical approach involves using a deterministic model and a concept map to identify the primary performance factor and its subcategories.
- The free body diagram (FBD) is a technique used to reduce the complexity of a mechanical analysis and identify the significant forces involved.
Free Body Diagram (FBD)
- It is a method used to analyze the movement of a system.
- It involves creating a stick figure along a set of coordinates, with the forces added as arrows.
- The forces are described by their magnitude, direction, line of action, and point of application.
Types of Forces on the FBD
- External forces include weight (the combination of mass and gravity) and ground reaction force (the reaction force from interaction with the ground).
- Weight is always directed downwards, originates from the body's center of gravity, and is determined through an analysis of body segments.
Musculoskeletal Mechanics
- Tendons and ligaments are dense connective tissue containing 70% water, 25% collagen fibers, and 5% elastin.
- Tendons have a parallel collagen fiber arrangement, are stiff, and carry high tensile loads, but have minimal resistance to compression and shear loads.
- Ligaments have a nearly parallel collagen fiber arrangement, can carry high tensile loads, and are less stiff and slightly weaker than tendons.
Ligaments
- Their role is to provide connection from bone to bone, and transmit energy from the muscle to the bone.
- Ligaments can stretch about 8-10% before failure, while bone can only stretch up to 1%.
- They provide mechanical stability to joints, guide joint motion, and prevent excessive motion.
- Ligaments have viscoelastic behavior and control the dissipation of energy.
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Description
Test your understanding of forces in motion, including normal force, fluid resistance, lift and drag, and internal forces such as joint reaction force. Learn how to account for air and water resistance in various sports and activities.
