Forces and Wind Patterns in Meteorology
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Forces and Wind Patterns in Meteorology

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Questions and Answers

What determines sea breeze divergence or convergence according to the text?

  • Elevation adjustments
  • Temperature adjustments
  • Wind speed adjustments
  • Shape of the coastline (correct)

    • Where can Von Karman vortices be observed according to the text?

  • Low-level wind shear decision flowchart
  • Madiera
  • Downstream of wind flow obstacles (correct)
  • Alaskan Peninsula

    • In Figure 1.24, what shapes are based on wind speed?

  • Low-level wind shear decision flowchart
  • Closed-cell stratocumulus
  • Open-cell cumulus shapes (correct)
  • Isallobaric wind

    • What do we call the phenomenon that occurs when a uniformly overcast layer of clouds overlies a snow- or ice-covered surface?

    <p>Whiteout</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of precipitation occurs when liquid or solid water particles are lifted by the wind from the earth's surface?

    <p>Blowing snow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of reduced visibility due to suspended water/ice particles?

    <p>fog</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what conditions do whiteouts typically occur?

    <p>Low cloud deck and low sun angle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a form of solid (frozen) precipitation?

    <p>Drizzle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when cloud layers diffuse parallel rays from the sun in whiteout conditions?

    <p>They eliminate shadows by reflecting light between snow and clouds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term 'shamal' derived from?

    <p>North</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the summer shamal in Southwest Asia?

    <p>Prevailing north winds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the summer shamal also known as?

    <p>Wind of 120 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of weather phenomenon causes steep lapse rates and increased instability during the summer shamal?

    <p>Cold air advection aloft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do updrafts keep dust particles suspended during the summer shamal?

    <p>Increased instability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is established almost every night across Southwest Asia (SWA) due to the dry desert air and high rate of thermal radiation during the day?

    <p>Nocturnal radiational inversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can one determine the rate of environmental temperature decrease from the surface to 500 mb?

    <p>By subtracting the surface temperature from the temperature at 500 mb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a steeper environmental lapse rate indicate about potential downdraft?

    <p>It indicates more negatively buoyant and stronger potential downdraft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is dust most easily lofted according to the text?

    <p>Where the environmental lapse rate is dry adiabatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approximate lapse rate is considered optimal for strong potential downdrafts?

    <p>$9.8°C/km$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition allows for the strongest wind aloft to be brought to the surface?

    <p>When wetbulb potential temperatures aloft are less than at the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method can be used to diagnose negatively buoyant downdraft potential?

    <p>Examining the contribution to downdraft strength due to cold temperatures aloft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between frontal dust storms and shamals?

    <p>Frontal dust storms are synoptic-scale systems while shamals are mesoscale phenomena.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which jet streams can converge into a single jet streak that translates to the surface in the prefrontal dust storm phenomenon?

    <p>Polar front jet stream and subtropical jet stream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are prefrontal winds called in Iraq during prefrontal dust storms?

    <p>Sharqi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vertical velocities increase due to ageostrophic circulations in the divergent quadrants of the jet streak?

    <p>Upward vertical velocities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are easterly to southerly prefrontal winds favored for prefrontal dust storms?

    <p>October and November</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are prefrontal dust storms difficult to detect in METSAT imagery?

    <p>Because they are often located over similarly shaded terrain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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