Forces and Vectors Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What describes the resultant force when two equal forces act in opposite directions on an object?

  • The resultant force is zero. (correct)
  • The resultant force is equal to the weight of the object.
  • The resultant force is the sum of their magnitudes.
  • The resultant force is twice the magnitude of each force.

    • How is weight calculated for an object with a mass of 5 kg in a gravitational field of strength 9.8 N/kg?

  • 49 N (correct)
  • 9.8 N
  • 5 N
  • 39 N

    • Using Hooke's Law, if a spring constant is 150 N/m and the spring is extended by 0.2 m, what is the force exerted by the spring?

  • 750 N
  • 300 N
  • 30 N (correct)
  • 15 N

    • What happens to an object when it is lifted at a constant speed equal to the weight resulting in balanced forces?

    <p>The object does not accelerate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the calculation of work done while lifting an object, if 20 N of force is used to lift it 3 m, what is the work done?

    <p>60 J (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a vector quantity?

    <p>It has a defined direction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for a moment?

    <p>Newton meters (Nm) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Using the principle of moments, if a moment of 100 Nm acts clockwise, what must be the counteracting moment acting anticlockwise to achieve balance?

    <p>100 Nm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the dynamo effect describe?

    <p>Induction of a potential difference in a wire moved through a magnetic field. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about stars is accurate?

    <p>Fusion processes occur in the core of stars, balancing gravitational forces. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Fleming's Left-Hand Rule?

    <p>To illustrate the interaction between force, current, and magnetic field. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of satellite maintains a fixed position relative to the Earth?

    <p>Geostationary satellites. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does redshift in light waves from distant galaxies indicate?

    <p>Galaxies are moving away from Earth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about magnets is incorrect?

    <p>Induced magnets are permanently magnetic materials. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what phase of a star's life does a supernova occur?

    <p>At the end of a massive star's life. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle relates force, magnetic flux density, and current length in a wire?

    <p>The motor effect (F = BIL). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a star exhausts its fuel for fusion and expands?

    <p>It becomes a red giant. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between natural and artificial satellites?

    <p>Artificial satellites are man-made and launched into orbit. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes longitudinal waves?

    <p>They require a medium to travel (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the speed of sound vary with the medium?

    <p>Faster in liquids than in gases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when light enters a denser medium?

    <p>Speed decreases and wavelength decreases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the frequency of a wave?

    <p>The number of waves passing a point per second (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about nuclear fission is correct?

    <p>It can lead to a controlled or uncontrolled chain reaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct formula to calculate the gravitational potential energy (GPE) of an object?

    <p>GPE = mgh (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reflection occurs with a smooth surface?

    <p>Specular reflection where angle of incidence equals angle of reflection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the effect of doubling the speed of a vehicle on its braking distance?

    <p>Braking distance quadruples. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a step-up transformer?

    <p>Increase voltage and decrease current for efficient transmission (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Newton's Second Law, what does the equation F = ma imply about unbalanced forces?

    <p>They cause acceleration proportional to mass. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle explains total internal reflection?

    <p>Angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines momentum in a physical context?

    <p>Mass times velocity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between voltage (V), current (I), and power (P) in an electrical circuit?

    <p>P = IV (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as the half-life of a radioactive substance?

    <p>The time required for half of the unstable nuclei to decay (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a characteristic of solids compared to liquids?

    <p>Particles are tightly packed and vibrate in fixed positions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of circuit features components connected sequentially?

    <p>Series circuit where total potential difference is shared (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the area under a speed-time graph represent?

    <p>The distance traveled. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the activity of a radioactive source over time?

    <p>Activity decreases as the number of unstable nuclei decreases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction?

    <p>Newton's Third Law. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is density defined mathematically?

    <p>Density = mass / volume. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of ultrasound in medical imaging?

    <p>To create images through reflection of sound waves (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the specific heat capacity measure?

    <p>Energy required to change temperature of 1 kg by 1°C. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about electromagnetic waves?

    <p>They travel through a vacuum without requiring a medium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during a change of state regarding temperature?

    <p>Temperature remains constant while energy changes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a negative gradient on a speed-time graph indicate?

    <p>Deceleration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of gases, what is true about pressure when the volume is decreased?

    <p>Pressure increases significantly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following energy forms is not associated with motion?

    <p>Gravitational potential energy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of conservation of momentum imply during collisions?

    <p>Total momentum before and after collision is equal. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Force

    A push or pull; can be contact or non-contact.

    Resultant Force

    The total force found by adding vector forces together.

    Balanced Forces

    Forces that add up to zero, causing no acceleration.

    Vector

    A quantity with both magnitude and direction.

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    Weight

    The force due to gravity on an object; Weight = mass x gravitational strength.

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    Work Done

    Energy transferred by a force; Work = Force x Distance moved.

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    Hooke's Law

    Force = Spring Constant x Extension; describes elastic behavior.

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    Moment

    A turning force calculated by Force x Distance to pivot.

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    Transformer equation

    VP/VS = NP/NS, relating voltages and turns in transformers.

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    Permanent magnet

    Metal with aligned molecules that creates a magnetic field.

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    Magnetic field lines

    Complete loops that run from the north to the south pole.

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    Motor effect

    A force acts on a current-carrying wire in a magnetic field.

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    Fleming's Left-Hand Rule

    A rule to determine the direction of force in motors: thumb = force, first finger = field, second finger = current.

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    Dynamo effect

    Potential difference induced in a wire moved through a magnetic field.

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    Redshift

    Light from distant galaxies appears longer, indicating they are moving away.

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    Black hole

    Dense object formed after a supernova, with gravity so strong nothing escapes.

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    Geostationary satellite

    A satellite that orbits Earth at the same speed as Earth's rotation.

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    CMBR (Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation)

    Microwave radiation believed to be remnants of the Big Bang.

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    Velocity

    Measure of speed in a given direction, in m/s.

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    Acceleration

    Rate of change of velocity, measured in m/s^2.

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    Newton's First Law

    An object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon.

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    Newton's Second Law

    Force equals mass times acceleration (F = ma).

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    Newton's Third Law

    For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

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    Energy

    Ability to do work or cause change; cannot be created or destroyed.

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    Kinetic Energy

    Energy of motion, calculated as KE = 1/2 mv^2.

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    Gravitational Potential Energy

    Energy stored due to an object's height, calculated as GPE = mgh.

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    Density

    Mass per unit volume (ρ = mass/volume, in kg/m^3).

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    Change of State

    Process of matter changing states where temperature stays constant.

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    Specific Heat Capacity

    Energy needed to raise 1 kg of a substance by 1°C.

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    Pressure in Gases

    Increases with temperature and decreases with volume at constant temperature.

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    Waves

    Transfer of energy without movement of matter.

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    Stopping Distance

    The sum of thinking distance and braking distance in a vehicle.

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    Longitudinal Waves

    Waves where oscillations are parallel to energy transfer, like sound.

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    Transverse Waves

    Waves where oscillations are perpendicular to energy transfer, like light and water waves.

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    Amplitude

    Maximum displacement from the equilibrium position in a wave.

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    Frequency

    Number of waves passing a point per second, measured in Hertz (Hz).

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    Wave Equation

    The relationship between wave speed (v), frequency (f), and wavelength (λ): v = fλ.

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    Reflection of Sound Waves

    When sound hits a boundary, some is transmitted and some is reflected.

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    Refraction

    Change in direction of light when moving from one medium to another.

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    Total Internal Reflection

    Occurs when the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle, reflecting all light.

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    Nuclear Fission

    Splitting of heavy nuclei into lighter nuclei, releasing energy and neutrons.

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    Electricity

    The flow of electric charge, often carried by electrons.

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    Series Circuit

    A circuit where components are connected in a line, same current throughout.

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    Mains Electricity

    Alternating current (AC) from sockets, typically 230 volts at 50 Hz.

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    Power in Circuits

    The rate of energy transfer, calculated as P = VI (P = power, V = voltage, I = current).

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    The National Grid

    Network transmitting electricity from power stations using cables and transformers.

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    Half-life

    The time required for half the unstable nuclei in a radioactive sample to decay.

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    Study Notes

    Forces

    • A force is a push or pull; it can be a contact force (objects touching) or a non-contact force (magnetism, electrostatic forces, gravity).
    • Contact forces include normal, friction, air resistance, and tension.
    • Forces are represented by vectors—arrows showing direction and magnitude.
    • Force magnitude is the size, shown by arrow length.
    • If two or more forces act on an object, the resultant force is found by adding vectors, treating opposite directions as negative.
    • Resultant forces at right angles can be found using Pythagoras or trigonometry (SOH CAH TOA).
    • Balanced forces add to zero, resulting in no acceleration (but not necessarily no movement). This is Newton's First Law of Motion.

    Scalars and Vectors

    • A scalar has magnitude only.
    • A vector has both magnitude and direction.
    • Scalars: speed, distance, mass, time, energy, temperature.
    • Vectors: velocity, displacement, force, weight, momentum.

    Weight

    • Weight is the force of gravity on an object.
    • Weight = mass × gravitational field strength (9.8 N/kg or 10 N/kg).
    • An object held up with a force equal to its weight will not accelerate.
    • Lifting an object at constant speed requires a force equal to its weight.

    Work Done

    • Work done is the energy transferred by a force.
    • Work done = Force × Distance moved.
    • When lifting an object, force is its weight, and distance is the height lifted.
    • This equation equates to the gravitational potential energy (GPE) gained.

    Elastic Potential Energy

    • Hooke's Law: Force = Spring Constant × Extension (F = ke).
    • Spring constant is measured in N/m.
    • This applies to elastically stretching or compressing objects that return to their original shape.
    • Force and extension are directly proportional (doubling one doubles the other).
    • Energy stored in a spring = ½ × k × e².

    Moments

    • A moment is a turning force, calculated by force × distance from the pivot.
    • Unit of moment: Newton meters (Nm).
    • Clockwise moments must balance anticlockwise moments for no rotation.
    • Principle of Moments describes balanced forces and moments.
    • Gears use moments; a smaller gear turning a larger gear increases the moment.

    Speed and Velocity

    • Speed is measured in m/s.
    • Velocity is speed with a direction, also measured in m/s.
    • Speed/velocity is calculated by distance/displacement divided by time.
    • Distance-time graph gradient = speed or velocity.
    • Speed-time graph gradient = acceleration.

    Acceleration

    • Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
    • Unit of acceleration: m/s².
    • Negative gradient on a speed-time graph indicates deceleration.
    • Acceleration of a falling object is 9.8 m/s² (same as gravitational field strength).
    • Area under a speed-time graph = distance travelled.

    Newton's Equations of Motion

    • s = ut + ½at²
    • v² = u² + 2as
    • v = u + at
    • s = (u + v)/2 * t
    • Identify variables (s, u, v, a, t), known and unknown values.

    Newton's First Law

    • Constant motion (no velocity change) occurs when there's no resultant force.
    • No forces or balanced forces are possible causes.
    • Inertia is the tendency for an object to resist changes in motion due to lack of resultant force.

    Newton's Second Law

    • Unbalanced forces (resultant force) cause acceleration (F = ma).
    • Only one outcome is true; there is either no resultant force or a resultant force with accompanying acceleration.
    • The relationship between force and acceleration is directly proportional (proven experimentally).

    Newton's Third Law

    • For every action force, there's an equal and opposite reaction force.
    • This is not about balanced forces, but perspective.

    Stopping Distance

    • Stopping distance = thinking distance + braking distance.
    • Thinking distance: Distance covered before reacting; doubles with doubling speed.
    • Braking distance: Distance travelled while braking; quadruples with doubling speed.
    • Thinking distance factors: distraction, alcohol, drugs.
    • Braking distance factors: brake condition, tire condition, road/weather conditions.

    Momentum

    • Momentum measures how hard it is to stop an object.
    • Momentum = mass × velocity.
    • Unit of momentum: kg m/s.
    • Momentum is a vector; negative velocity means negative momentum.
    • Total momentum is conserved in collisions (total before = total after).

    Force and Momentum

    • Force = Change in momentum / Time
    • Shorter momentum-change time requires greater force.
    • Safety features (seatbelts, airbags, crumple zones) increase momentum-change time, reducing force.

    Energy

    • Energy is the ability to do work or cause change.
    • Energy cannot be created or destroyed (except in mass-energy conversion).
    • Energy stores/types:
      • Kinetic Energy (KE): energy of motion, KE = ½ × mv².
      • Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE): energy due to height, GPE = mgh.
      • Elastic Potential Energy: energy in stretched/compressed objects, E = ½ × k × e².
      • Thermal Energy: energy due to particle motion, Q = mcΔT.
      • Chemical Potential Energy: energy in chemical bonds.

    Energy Transfer

    • Energy is transferred between objects or stores during interaction.
    • Closed systems keep energy constant (no gain or loss from surroundings).
    • Energy stores can be equated in interactions (e.g., rollercoaster - lost GPE = gained KE).
    • Energy lost to surroundings indicates an open system.

    Atomic Structure

    • JJ Thomson: Atoms have positive and negative charges (plum pudding model).
    • Ernest Rutherford: Small positive nucleus, electrons orbit.
    • Niels Bohr: Electrons in shells/orbitals.
    • James Chadwick: Nucleus has protons (positive) and neutrons (neutral).
    • Atomic number: Number of protons, defines element.
    • Mass number: number of protons + neutrons, defines atomic mass.
    • Isotopes: Atoms of same element with different numbers of neutrons.

    Density

    • Density measures mass compactness.
    • Density = mass/volume (symbol: ρ).
    • Unit of density: kg/m³.
    • Density depends on object particles and their arrangement.

    States of Matter

    • Three states: solid, liquid, gas.
    • Solid: particles vibrate at fixed positions.
    • Liquid: Particles touch but move freely.
    • Gas: Particles spread out and move randomly (compressible).
    • Melting/evaporation needs energy to overcome interparticle forces.

    Specific Heat Capacity

    • Specific heat capacity: energy to raise 1 kg of substance by 1°C.
    • Values vary by material.
    • Measured by heating a substance and measuring temperature change.
    • Measured temperature change lower than expected due to heat loss means a higher specific heat capacity value calculated.

    Change of State

    • Temperature remains constant during state changes (potential energy changes, not kinetic energy).
    • Internal energy: Sum of all particle kinetic and potential energies.
    • Energy changes during state change (thermal energy = Q = mcΔT), (latent heat = Q = ml).

    Gases

    • Gases are spread out, fast, and randomly moving particles.
    • Heating increases particle kinetic energy, resulting in more frequent & forceful collisions, increasing pressure.
    • Pressure can increase with compression.
    • Pressure × Volume = constant (at constant temperature), meaning pressure and volume are inversely related.
    • Higher altitude = less dense atmosphere, lower pressure.

    Waves

    • Waves transfer energy without transferring matter.
    • Vibrations/oscillations transfer instead of particles.

    Longitudinal Waves

    • Oscillations parallel to energy transfer.
    • Examples: sound waves, seismic P-waves.
    • Compressions: particles bunch up.
    • Rarefactions: particles spread apart.

    Transverse Waves

    • Oscillations perpendicular to energy transfer.
    • Examples: water waves, seismic S-waves, light waves.
    • Wavelength (λ): distance between corresponding points.
    • Amplitude: maximum displacement.
    • Time period (T): time for one complete wave.
    • Frequency (f): number of waves per second. (f = 1/T).
    • Wave equation: v = fλ (v = wave speed).

    Sound Waves

    • Sound waves need a medium.
    • Speed of sound varies by medium (faster in solids, liquids, then gases).
    • Human hearing range: 20 Hz to 20 kHz.
    • Ultrasound: frequencies > 20 kHz.

    Reflection of Sound Waves

    • Some sound is transmitted, some reflected at a boundary between media.
    • Ultrasound reflection: Medical imaging (babies, etc), sonar (ocean mapping).

    Seismic Waves

    • P-waves travel solids, liquids, gases.
    • S-waves travel solids only (no S-waves on opposite side of Earth imply liquid core).

    Reflection of Light

    • Specular reflection: smooth surface (angle of incidence = angle of reflection).
    • Angles measured from the normal (perpendicular).
    • Diffuse reflection: rough surface; scattered light.

    Refraction

    • Light changes direction when moving between media (e.g., air to glass).
    • Entering denser medium: light slows down, wavelength decreases.
    • Angle of refraction < angle of incidence if slowing down.
    • Critical angle: angle of incidence where refraction angle = 90°; light travels along boundary.
    • Total internal reflection: when angle of incidence > critical angle; all light reflected back into denser medium—used in fiber optics.

    Electromagnetic Waves

    • Electromagnetic waves need no medium.
    • Produced when electrons lose energy.
    • EM spectrum: radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays.
    • Higher frequency = more energy = shorter wavelength.
    • Gamma rays emitted by nuclei.
    • All EM waves absorbed by electrons.
    • EM wave uses: communication, cooking, heating, imaging, medical treatment.

    Radioactivity

    • Radioactivity: rate of radioactive decay.
    • Measured in counts per second (Becquerel, Bq).
    • Activity decreases over time as unstable nuclei decrease.
    • Half-life: time for activity, number of unstable nuclei, or mass to halve.

    Nuclear Fission

    • Fission: Heavier nuclei (e.g., Uranium-235) split into two similar daughter nuclei when bombarded by a neutron.
    • Energy released; more neutrons produced—chain reaction.
    • Controlled chain reactions: nuclear power reactors.
    • Uncontrolled chain reactions: nuclear weapons.

    Nuclear Fusion

    • Lighter nuclei (e.g., hydrogen) fuse into a heavier nucleus (e.g., helium) releasing energy.
    • High kinetic energy nuclei required.
    • Powers the Sun.
    • Fusion reactors challenging to create and sustain.

    Electricity

    • Electricity is electron flow.
    • Current (I) = Charge (Q)/Time (t).
    • Potential Difference (PD)/Voltage (V) = Energy (E)/Charge (Q).
    • Resistance: opposition to current flow.

    Components in a Circuit

    • Cell: Chemical to electrical energy source -> current.
    • Battery: Multiple cells connected in series.
    • Wires: Current conductors.
    • Lamps: Resistors to convert electrical energy to light & heat.
    • Resistors: Resist current; change electrical to heat.
    • Diodes: Allows current flow in one direction (used in LEDs).
    • Thermistors: Resistance changes with temperature.
    • LDRs: Resistance changes with light intensity.

    Circuits

    • Series Circuit: Components in a line.
      • PD is shared.
      • Current same through all.
      • Total resistance = sum of individual resistances.
    • Parallel Circuit: Components connected to same two points.
      • PD same across each branch.
      • Current shared between branches.
      • Total resistance < smallest resistor.

    Power

    • Power is rate of energy transfer: P = E/t
    • In electricity: P = VI or P = I²R.

    Mains Electricity

    • Mains electricity: Alternating Current (AC) from sockets.
    • Alternating PD: Voltage varies between positive and negative.
    • Mains voltage: 230 volts.
    • Frequency: 50 Hz.
    • Neutral wire: 0 volts.
    • Live wire: Varying voltage (averages 230 volts).
    • Earth wire: Safety wire (connected to metal casing); prevents shocks.
    • Fuses: Safety devices that melt if current is too high, preventing damage or shocks.

    The National Grid

    • The National Grid: network connecting power stations, cables, transformers.
    • Transformers change voltage/current for efficient transmission.
    • Step-up transformer: increases voltage (decreases current), reduces energy loss.
    • Step-down transformer: decreases voltage (increases current), provides safe voltage.
    • Transformer equation: VP/VS = NP/NS (VP = primary voltage, VS = secondary voltage; NP = primary turns, NS = secondary turns)

    Magnetism

    • Permanent magnet: Metal with permanently aligned molecules producing a magnetic field.
    • Magnetic field lines: Continuous loops, north to south pole.
    • Induced magnet: Material temporarily magnetic in a magnetic field.
    • Magnetic materials: Iron, cobalt, nickel. Like poles repel, unlike poles attract.

    Electromagnetism

    • Current-carrying wire creates a magnetic field (concentric circles).
    • Motor effect: Force on current-carrying wire in a magnetic field.
    • F = BIL, B = magnetic flux density, I = current, L = length of wire.
    • Force is perpendicular to both current and magnetic field.
    • Fleming's Left-Hand Rule (thumb=force, first finger=field, second finger=current).
    • Electric motors: Use the motor effect for continuous rotation using current reversal.
    • Loudspeakers: Similar to motors but move back and forth to convert electrical to sound.

    Generators

    • Dynamo effect: Induced potential difference in a moving wire in a magnetic field.
    • Generators produce electrical energy from rotating coils in magnetic fields.
    • Microphones function as generators, sound waves vibrate diaphragm, leading to induced voltage.

    The Solar System

    • Sun, eight planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune), asteroid belt, dwarf planets, moons.

    Stars

    • Stars form from nebulae (dust/gas) pulled by gravity.
    • Core fusion produces light/heat.
    • Main sequence: stable, pressure balance gravity.
    • Red giant: expands as pressure increases, running low on fuel.
    • Supernova: Massive star explosion.
    • White dwarf: core remnants of star.
    • Neutron star: very dense object post supernova.
    • Black hole: Extremely dense object with immense gravity.

    Satellites

    • Natural satellites: Moons orbiting planets.
    • Artificial satellites: Objects orbiting Earth.
    • Geostationary satellites: Orbit Earth at same rotational speed, appear fixed.
    • Centripetal force: Any force keeping an object in a circular path, always acts toward the center.
    • Elliptical orbits: Speed changes with distance from Earth.

    Redshift

    • Light from distant stars/galaxies redshifted (stretched wavelength).
    • Indicates galaxies moving away from us.
    • Greater redshift for farther galaxies—faster recession speed.

    The Big Bang Theory

    • Redshift evidence for Big Bang Theory, suggesting universe expansion from a single point.
    • Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR, microwave radiation across the sky): Remnants of Big Bang; supporting evidence.

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    Test your understanding of forces, including contact and non-contact types, and learn how scalars and vectors differ. This quiz covers Newton's First Law of Motion, magnitude, and the representation of forces using vectors. Get ready to delve into the fundamentals of physical forces!

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